No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 1995

Air injection is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process in which compressed air is injected into a high temperature, light-oil reservoir. The oxygen in injected air is intended to react with a fraction of reservoir oil at elevated temperature resulting in in-situ generation of flue gases and steam, which, in turn, mobilize and drive the oil ahead towards the producing wells. To understand and determine the feasibility of the air injection process application to a given reservoir, it is necessary to understand the oxidation behaviour of the crude oil. The aim of this study is to screen two Australian light-oil reservoirs; Kenmore Oilfield, Eromanga Basin, and another Australian onshore oil and gas field “B”* for air injection EOR process, and to understand the oxidation reaction kinetics during air injection. It is carried out by the thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric (TGA/DSC) studies to investigate the oxidation mechanism during an air injection process. There has not been any TGA/DSC evaluation conducted to date with regard to air injection for Australian light-oil reservoirs. A series of thermal tests was performed to investigate the oxidation behaviour of two selected reservoirs in both air and oxygen environments. The first step undertaken in this study is thermogravimetric and calorimetric characterization of crude oils to (i) identify the temperature range over which the oil reacts with oxygen, (ii) examine the oxidation behaviour within the temperature identified, and (iii) evaluate the mass loss characteristics during the oxidation. This study also examines the effect of pressure on oxidation at different temperature ranges and the effect of core material (rock cutting) on oxidation reactions. Finally, kinetic data are calculated from thermal tests results by literature described method. Kenmore and Field B both are high temperature and light-oil reservoirs. Hydrocarbon distribution indicates that Kenmore oil contains 84 mole% of lower carbon number n-C₅ - n-C₁ ₃ compounds. Reservoir B oil also contains a substantial amount (i.e., 95 mole %) of lower carbon number n-C₄ - C₁ ₉ compounds. These lighter components may contribute favourably towards efficient oxidation. However, a high content of lighter ends in the oil may also result in a lower fuel load. Generally, low molecular weight oil gives fastest mass loss from heavy crude oil. Thermal tests on Kenmore oil showed two distinct exothermic reactivity regions in temperatures of 200-340°C and 360-450°C, with a 85-95% mass loss when the temperature reached 450°C. Reservoir B oil showed a wider exotherm range between approximately 180°C-260°C with 90-95% mass loss by temperature 350°C. In the high temperature range, the combustion reactions of Reservoir B oil are weaker than Kenmore oil. This is due to insufficient fuel available for oxidations in high temperature region. Reservoir B oil has more chance to auto ignite; but it has less sustainability to the ignition process. Based on the sustainability study of the ignition process, between the two reservoirs, Kenmore is the better candidate for air injection. Based on the thermal tests, it is concluded that for light-oil oxidation, vaporization is the dominant physical phenomenon. At low temperature range, the addition of the core material enhanced the exothermic reactions of the oil. The elevated pressure accelerated the bond scission reactions. The largest amount and highest rate of energy generation occurred at the low temperature range. Activation energies (E) are calculated from thermal test results and the value of ‘E’ in oil-with-core combined tests is smaller than the oil-only test. This indicates that the rock material has a positive impact on the combustion process. Moreover, the compositional analysis result addresses the composition of oils, which can help understand the oxidation behaviour of light-oils. * For confidentiality reasons, the field name is coded as Field B at the request of the operating company. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1381084 / Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2010

Air injection is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process in which compressed air is injected into a high temperature, light-oil reservoir. The oxygen in injected air is intended to react with a fraction of reservoir oil at elevated temperature resulting in in-situ generation of flue gases and steam, which, in turn, mobilize and drive the oil ahead towards the producing wells. To understand and determine the feasibility of the air injection process application to a given reservoir, it is necessary to understand the oxidation behaviour of the crude oil. The aim of this study is to screen two Australian light-oil reservoirs; Kenmore Oilfield, Eromanga Basin, and another Australian onshore oil and gas field “B”* for air injection EOR process, and to understand the oxidation reaction kinetics during air injection. It is carried out by the thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric (TGA/DSC) studies to investigate the oxidation mechanism during an air injection process. There has not been any TGA/DSC evaluation conducted to date with regard to air injection for Australian light-oil reservoirs. A series of thermal tests was performed to investigate the oxidation behaviour of two selected reservoirs in both air and oxygen environments. The first step undertaken in this study is thermogravimetric and calorimetric characterization of crude oils to (i) identify the temperature range over which the oil reacts with oxygen, (ii) examine the oxidation behaviour within the temperature identified, and (iii) evaluate the mass loss characteristics during the oxidation. This study also examines the effect of pressure on oxidation at different temperature ranges and the effect of core material (rock cutting) on oxidation reactions. Finally, kinetic data are calculated from thermal tests results by literature described method. Kenmore and Field B both are high temperature and light-oil reservoirs. Hydrocarbon distribution indicates that Kenmore oil contains 84 mole% of lower carbon number n-C₅ - n-C₁ ₃ compounds. Reservoir B oil also contains a substantial amount (i.e., 95 mole %) of lower carbon number n-C₄ - C₁ ₉ compounds. These lighter components may contribute favourably towards efficient oxidation. However, a high content of lighter ends in the oil may also result in a lower fuel load. Generally, low molecular weight oil gives fastest mass loss from heavy crude oil. Thermal tests on Kenmore oil showed two distinct exothermic reactivity regions in temperatures of 200-340°C and 360-450°C, with a 85-95% mass loss when the temperature reached 450°C. Reservoir B oil showed a wider exotherm range between approximately 180°C-260°C with 90-95% mass loss by temperature 350°C. In the high temperature range, the combustion reactions of Reservoir B oil are weaker than Kenmore oil. This is due to insufficient fuel available for oxidations in high temperature region. Reservoir B oil has more chance to auto ignite; but it has less sustainability to the ignition process. Based on the sustainability study of the ignition process, between the two reservoirs, Kenmore is the better candidate for air injection. Based on the thermal tests, it is concluded that for light-oil oxidation, vaporization is the dominant physical phenomenon. At low temperature range, the addition of the core material enhanced the exothermic reactions of the oil. The elevated pressure accelerated the bond scission reactions. The largest amount and highest rate of energy generation occurred at the low temperature range. Activation energies (E) are calculated from thermal test results and the value of ‘E’ in oil-with-core combined tests is smaller than the oil-only test. This indicates that the rock material has a positive impact on the combustion process. Moreover, the compositional analysis result addresses the composition of oils, which can help understand the oxidation behaviour of light-oils. * For confidentiality reasons, the field name is coded as Field B at the request of the operating company. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1381084 / Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2010

Injection site-pain and bruising are common side effects of subcutaneous heparin injections. These adverse outcomes are problematic for both the patient and the nurse. Specifically, site-pain causes the patient discomfort and bruising limits possible sites for subsequent injections. It is important that nurses use an injection technique that minimises the incidence of adverse outcomes when administering subcutaneous heparin injections. This study examines the effect of duration of subcutaneous heparin injection on site-pain intensity and bruise size experienced by a group of patients being treated with heparin for ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attacks.A quasiexperimental design with subjects serving as their own control was used to address the study objectives. The independent variable was the duration of the injection and the dependent variables were site-pain and bruise size. A convenience sample of 34 subjects receiving 5000 units of a subcutaneous Fragmin injection twice a day were recruited from a large teaching hospital. Subjects rated the level of perceived site-pain intensity during injection using the vertical Visual Analogue Scale. Injection-site bruising was measured at 48 and 60 hours after injection. Data were analysed using the Wilcoxon Sign-Rank test. Results indicated that injection technique B (30-second injection duration) resulted in significantly less intense site-pain during administering the injection and fewer and smaller bruises.The findings of this study indicate that injecting subcutaneous heparin over a longer duration may reduce injection site-pain and bruising.

Thesis (PhD) - Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology- 2006. / A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology - 2006. Typescript. Bibliography: p. 155-161.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [188]-197).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 2004. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-233).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI Company.