During a study of the morphology of the orthopteroid Hexapoda between the years 1939-1941, it appeareded to the writer that further investigation into the structure of the insect tentorium was necessary. The early entomologists laid the foundation or our knowledge or the tentorium but during the latter half of the last century little was added in this particulart field. Comstock and Kochi (1902), as far as the writer is aware are the only workers who have published a paper devoted entirely to the skeleton of the bead of insects, and they did much to clarify both nomenclature and existing knowledge of this structure at that time. Berlese (1909) described a typical tentorlum as observed in orthopteroid Hexapoda and then considered the variations of the tentorium which occur in other groups of insects. Some confusion then appears to have arisen amongst workers, over the origin of the dorsal arms which were erroneously considered by some to be cuticular invaginations and not secondary outgrowths of the anterior tentorial arms. Certain morphologists amongst them, Hoke (1924) Denis (1928), Snodgrass (1928, 1935), Hansen (1930), Walker (1933) Imms (1934), and Symmons (1952), have done much towards improving our knowledge of the tentorium, but all too frequently workers offer brief and inadequate descriptions of this structure in otherwise comprehensive investigations of the insect head. Themain objects in this study are threefold, vlz. (1) The claification of nomenclature (2) The examination and the interpretation ot the tentorium in certain groups of insects. (3) The deliberation as to whether the tentorium is of phylogenetic significance, and thus of use in assessing various schemes of insect classification which have been presented. Introduction, p. 1-2.

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The genus Calendra is the largest genus of the sub-family Rhynchophorine. There have been 116 species described from the United States and Mexico. At the present time only 71 are recognized as valid species. About 50 of the 71 species occur in the United States and Canada.

Today there is an increasing recognition among taxonomists of the importance of consideration of the complete morphology of insects in classifying them and in arrangming them in their logical phylogenetic sequence. Regarding the Rhynohophora, with which this paper is concerned, some progress toward a more complete understanding has been made. In 1912 Sharp and Muir made a study of the male genital tube of the coleoptera in general and observed that the various specializations they noted in the forms of Rhynohophora examined would doubtless be of future significance. Tanner in 1927 made a similar important study of the female genitalia and subsequently has included both the male and the female genitalia in desciprtions of new species, as noted in his study of the subtribe Hydronomi. Stickney in 1923 examined and repoted his findings on the head capsule. Boving and Craighead in 1931 published the results of their studies of the larval forms. Ting in 1936 compiled the results of a rather comprehensive study of the mouth parts of the Rhynohophora alone.

The Cocco idea or scale insects are among the most important pests of sylvicultural, ornamental, agricultural and greenhouse plantings throughout the world. There are 21 families comprising 6,000 species. Direct injury occurs from the withdrawal of sap while feeding and from the production of galls. Some scale insects are host specific while others are polyphagous. They feed on many different parts of plants including the roots, trunk, stems, leaves, buds and fruit. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1985. / The gross morphology and histology of the alimentary canal and the associated structures are described. The long tubular alimentary tract is divisible into different regions. The filter chamber and Malpighian tubules are absent. The peritrophic membrane is also absent. The rectum, or hindgut is extremely thin, expanded and transparent. The salivary gland complex consists of two sets of glands: the principal and accessory glands. The common salivary duct opens at the base of the maxillary stylets.