The lobbying of Parliament and the Government in the United Kingdom by wealthy or influential groups and individuals raises concerns about corruption and political equality. Professional lobbying is available mainly to those with significant resources and is often the most effective means of influencing decision-makers. Unchecked, it corrodes public trust in core public institutions. This thesis argues that the problems attending the lobbying of Parliament and Government in the UK need to be identified and understood more clearly so that targeted regulatory solutions can be determined. Currently, lawmakers, organisations and academics have struggled to propose clear pathways for identifying the main issues and understanding them. This is due to a failure to agree on the nature and scope of the central problems associated with lobbying, the relationship between them, and how they are relevant to the model of democratic government in the UK. To overcome this, an analytical framework called ‘institutional diversion’ is developed, tested and evaluated. The framework is developed from institutional corruption literature in the United States and is divided into three parts. Part 1 provides elements which help to identify specific lobbying concerns and provide a rich account of the underlying issues. Part 2 articulates a test to determine whether the identified problem in Part 1 causes a diversion from the purpose of the relevant public institution. It is argued that the critical purpose of decision-makers in Parliament and the Government is to ‘act in the public interest’ and that a diversion from that purpose can be tested using the two criteria of ‘integrity’ and ‘objectivity’. Further, it is not sufficient for a framework to simply identify and help to understand the concerns with lobbying. The logical next step is to identify solutions, and that process must also be rationally guided. Therefore, guidelines are developed from an analysis of an interview with the Registrar of Consultant Lobbyists in the UK conducted specifically for this thesis. The guidelines are intended to help future reform analyses by highlighting the practical and political restrictions within which solutions must be developed otherwise they will be unlikely to succeed.

An investigation into FIFA's corruption is conducted in this thesis, with a particular emphasis on the organization's awarding of the 2022 World Cup hosting rights to Qatar. Using institutional corruption, power dynamics, and lack of transparency as a lens into FIFA's decision-making process, this study attempts to understand the factors influencing international sports governance generally. A comprehensive range of sources is consulted in order to shed light on the intricate web of corruption surrounding Qatar's bid, including academic articles, news reports, and official FIFA documents. By analyzing the power dynamics and vested interests involved, it explores the role corrupt practices play in shaping FIFA's decisions. The study investigates the extent to which institutional corruption within FIFA influenced the selection of Qatar as the host nation. It delves into the potential motivations behind FIFA officials' actions, including personal gain and political influence, and examines the impact of these factors on the integrity and transparency of the bidding process. Furthermore, this research explores the broader implications of FIFA's decision for international sports governance. It examines how the lack of transparency and accountability can undermine the credibility of sports organizations and perpetuate a culture of corruption. The study emphasizes the need for improved governance and accountability mechanisms to promote transparency and integrity within the world of sports.