A dívida pública e sua gestão são peças fundamentais de todos os países, ganhando atenção primária dos gestores públicos. Em muitas economias, esse é um assunto complexo, mas, no Brasil, ele ganha contornos ainda mais intrigantes. A sua evolução é um problema central das políticas macroeconômicas e muitos autores a consideram como responsável de diversos entraves ao desenvolvimento econômico do País. Em especial, é possível citar a elevadíssima taxa de juros básica (com inércia e rigidez para baixo), o subdesenvolvimento dos mercados financeiros e do financiamento ao investimento de longo-prazo, a baixa eficácia da política monetária, a submissão da política fiscal de se ter como função principal a realização de superávit primário para amenizar os gastos financeiros, o crescimento acelerado da Dívida Pública Mobiliária Federal interna (DPMFi) e, logo, das despesas financeiras, dentre outros. Quais são os motivos deste pesado ônus causado à economia brasileira? Responder esta indagação é o objetivo amplo deste trabalho. Para alcançá-lo, busca-se contar a história do mercado de dívida pública no Brasil, pois acredita-se que é na história que encontramos as possíveis respostas para esta questão. Em específico, essa dissertação procurará analisar, à luz das perspectivas keynesiana e institucionalista, o mercado Selic, detentor de 99% dos títulos públicos. Norteará o alcance destes objetivos a hipótese de que a institucionalidade do mercado Selic e o seu instrumento-símbolo, as Letras Financeiras do Tesouro (LFTs), ao fundirem o mercado de dívida e o mercado monetário, de curto e longo-prazos, são grandes responsáveis pelo cenário que o Brasil vive hoje. Afinal, foram criados e tiveram sua funcionalidade no período hiperinflacionário, mas mantiveram-se intactos com o advento da estabilidade monetária no Plano Real. Ainda, o modo de condução da política monetária desde o Regime de Metas de Inflação (RMI) é visto como outro fator causal importante nesse processo, que, por sinal, relaciona-se diretamente com o mercado Selic que o País possui. As considerações finais do trabalho apontam para a necessidade de se romperem instituições tão enraizadas na economia brasileira, seja por parte da Autoridade Monetária (AM) ou pelo Tesouro Nacional (TN), a fim de que as consequências negativas da atual estrutura sejam eliminadas e que se tenha uma novo padrão de operacionalização das políticas econômicas em um ambiente institucional propício ao desenvolvimento do Brasil. / The public debt and its management are key elements of all countries, gaining policy makers‟s primary attention. In many economies, this is a complex matter, but in Brazil it gets even more intriguing countours. The performance of the public debt is a central problem of the macroeconomic policies and many author consider it responsible to various barriers to the Brazil‟s economic development. In particular, it‟s possible to mention the very high brazilian interest rate (with inertia and rigidity), the underdevelopment of finacnial markets and the financing of long term investiment, the low effectiveness of monetary policy, the submission of the fiscal policy once it has as main role make primary surplus to minimize the financial expenditures, the rapid growth of the domestic public debt and therefore of the financial expenses, among others. What are the reasons for this heavy burden caused to the Brazilian economy? Providing an answer for this question is the broad objective of this work. To reach it, this dissertations will try to tell the evolution of the public debt market in Brazil, since it is believed that is in history the possible answers to this question can be found. Specially, this work also seeks to analyse, in the light of Keynesian‟s and Institutionalist‟s perspective, the Selic market, which holds 99% of government securities. Will guide the achievement of these goals the hypothesis that the institution of the Selic market and its instrument-symbol, the Treasury Bills (LFTs), once it merged the debt market and the open market operations, the short and long-term, have great responsibility for the scenario that Brazil lives today. After all, they were created and had their functionality in hyperinflationary period, but remained intact with the advent of monetary stability in the Real Plan. Still, the way of conducting monetary policy since the Inflation Target is seen as another important causal factor in this process, which is directly related to the Selic market that the country has. The final considerations points out the need to break this embeddedness institutions to eliminate the negative consequences of the current structure and to achieve a new standard operationalization of economic policies in an favorable institutional environment to the Brazilian development.

A dívida pública e sua gestão são peças fundamentais de todos os países, ganhando atenção primária dos gestores públicos. Em muitas economias, esse é um assunto complexo, mas, no Brasil, ele ganha contornos ainda mais intrigantes. A sua evolução é um problema central das políticas macroeconômicas e muitos autores a consideram como responsável de diversos entraves ao desenvolvimento econômico do País. Em especial, é possível citar a elevadíssima taxa de juros básica (com inércia e rigidez para baixo), o subdesenvolvimento dos mercados financeiros e do financiamento ao investimento de longo-prazo, a baixa eficácia da política monetária, a submissão da política fiscal de se ter como função principal a realização de superávit primário para amenizar os gastos financeiros, o crescimento acelerado da Dívida Pública Mobiliária Federal interna (DPMFi) e, logo, das despesas financeiras, dentre outros. Quais são os motivos deste pesado ônus causado à economia brasileira? Responder esta indagação é o objetivo amplo deste trabalho. Para alcançá-lo, busca-se contar a história do mercado de dívida pública no Brasil, pois acredita-se que é na história que encontramos as possíveis respostas para esta questão. Em específico, essa dissertação procurará analisar, à luz das perspectivas keynesiana e institucionalista, o mercado Selic, detentor de 99% dos títulos públicos. Norteará o alcance destes objetivos a hipótese de que a institucionalidade do mercado Selic e o seu instrumento-símbolo, as Letras Financeiras do Tesouro (LFTs), ao fundirem o mercado de dívida e o mercado monetário, de curto e longo-prazos, são grandes responsáveis pelo cenário que o Brasil vive hoje. Afinal, foram criados e tiveram sua funcionalidade no período hiperinflacionário, mas mantiveram-se intactos com o advento da estabilidade monetária no Plano Real. Ainda, o modo de condução da política monetária desde o Regime de Metas de Inflação (RMI) é visto como outro fator causal importante nesse processo, que, por sinal, relaciona-se diretamente com o mercado Selic que o País possui. As considerações finais do trabalho apontam para a necessidade de se romperem instituições tão enraizadas na economia brasileira, seja por parte da Autoridade Monetária (AM) ou pelo Tesouro Nacional (TN), a fim de que as consequências negativas da atual estrutura sejam eliminadas e que se tenha uma novo padrão de operacionalização das políticas econômicas em um ambiente institucional propício ao desenvolvimento do Brasil. / The public debt and its management are key elements of all countries, gaining policy makers‟s primary attention. In many economies, this is a complex matter, but in Brazil it gets even more intriguing countours. The performance of the public debt is a central problem of the macroeconomic policies and many author consider it responsible to various barriers to the Brazil‟s economic development. In particular, it‟s possible to mention the very high brazilian interest rate (with inertia and rigidity), the underdevelopment of finacnial markets and the financing of long term investiment, the low effectiveness of monetary policy, the submission of the fiscal policy once it has as main role make primary surplus to minimize the financial expenditures, the rapid growth of the domestic public debt and therefore of the financial expenses, among others. What are the reasons for this heavy burden caused to the Brazilian economy? Providing an answer for this question is the broad objective of this work. To reach it, this dissertations will try to tell the evolution of the public debt market in Brazil, since it is believed that is in history the possible answers to this question can be found. Specially, this work also seeks to analyse, in the light of Keynesian‟s and Institutionalist‟s perspective, the Selic market, which holds 99% of government securities. Will guide the achievement of these goals the hypothesis that the institution of the Selic market and its instrument-symbol, the Treasury Bills (LFTs), once it merged the debt market and the open market operations, the short and long-term, have great responsibility for the scenario that Brazil lives today. After all, they were created and had their functionality in hyperinflationary period, but remained intact with the advent of monetary stability in the Real Plan. Still, the way of conducting monetary policy since the Inflation Target is seen as another important causal factor in this process, which is directly related to the Selic market that the country has. The final considerations points out the need to break this embeddedness institutions to eliminate the negative consequences of the current structure and to achieve a new standard operationalization of economic policies in an favorable institutional environment to the Brazilian development.

A dívida pública e sua gestão são peças fundamentais de todos os países, ganhando atenção primária dos gestores públicos. Em muitas economias, esse é um assunto complexo, mas, no Brasil, ele ganha contornos ainda mais intrigantes. A sua evolução é um problema central das políticas macroeconômicas e muitos autores a consideram como responsável de diversos entraves ao desenvolvimento econômico do País. Em especial, é possível citar a elevadíssima taxa de juros básica (com inércia e rigidez para baixo), o subdesenvolvimento dos mercados financeiros e do financiamento ao investimento de longo-prazo, a baixa eficácia da política monetária, a submissão da política fiscal de se ter como função principal a realização de superávit primário para amenizar os gastos financeiros, o crescimento acelerado da Dívida Pública Mobiliária Federal interna (DPMFi) e, logo, das despesas financeiras, dentre outros. Quais são os motivos deste pesado ônus causado à economia brasileira? Responder esta indagação é o objetivo amplo deste trabalho. Para alcançá-lo, busca-se contar a história do mercado de dívida pública no Brasil, pois acredita-se que é na história que encontramos as possíveis respostas para esta questão. Em específico, essa dissertação procurará analisar, à luz das perspectivas keynesiana e institucionalista, o mercado Selic, detentor de 99% dos títulos públicos. Norteará o alcance destes objetivos a hipótese de que a institucionalidade do mercado Selic e o seu instrumento-símbolo, as Letras Financeiras do Tesouro (LFTs), ao fundirem o mercado de dívida e o mercado monetário, de curto e longo-prazos, são grandes responsáveis pelo cenário que o Brasil vive hoje. Afinal, foram criados e tiveram sua funcionalidade no período hiperinflacionário, mas mantiveram-se intactos com o advento da estabilidade monetária no Plano Real. Ainda, o modo de condução da política monetária desde o Regime de Metas de Inflação (RMI) é visto como outro fator causal importante nesse processo, que, por sinal, relaciona-se diretamente com o mercado Selic que o País possui. As considerações finais do trabalho apontam para a necessidade de se romperem instituições tão enraizadas na economia brasileira, seja por parte da Autoridade Monetária (AM) ou pelo Tesouro Nacional (TN), a fim de que as consequências negativas da atual estrutura sejam eliminadas e que se tenha uma novo padrão de operacionalização das políticas econômicas em um ambiente institucional propício ao desenvolvimento do Brasil. / The public debt and its management are key elements of all countries, gaining policy makers‟s primary attention. In many economies, this is a complex matter, but in Brazil it gets even more intriguing countours. The performance of the public debt is a central problem of the macroeconomic policies and many author consider it responsible to various barriers to the Brazil‟s economic development. In particular, it‟s possible to mention the very high brazilian interest rate (with inertia and rigidity), the underdevelopment of finacnial markets and the financing of long term investiment, the low effectiveness of monetary policy, the submission of the fiscal policy once it has as main role make primary surplus to minimize the financial expenditures, the rapid growth of the domestic public debt and therefore of the financial expenses, among others. What are the reasons for this heavy burden caused to the Brazilian economy? Providing an answer for this question is the broad objective of this work. To reach it, this dissertations will try to tell the evolution of the public debt market in Brazil, since it is believed that is in history the possible answers to this question can be found. Specially, this work also seeks to analyse, in the light of Keynesian‟s and Institutionalist‟s perspective, the Selic market, which holds 99% of government securities. Will guide the achievement of these goals the hypothesis that the institution of the Selic market and its instrument-symbol, the Treasury Bills (LFTs), once it merged the debt market and the open market operations, the short and long-term, have great responsibility for the scenario that Brazil lives today. After all, they were created and had their functionality in hyperinflationary period, but remained intact with the advent of monetary stability in the Real Plan. Still, the way of conducting monetary policy since the Inflation Target is seen as another important causal factor in this process, which is directly related to the Selic market that the country has. The final considerations points out the need to break this embeddedness institutions to eliminate the negative consequences of the current structure and to achieve a new standard operationalization of economic policies in an favorable institutional environment to the Brazilian development.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study has compared and investigated the historical evolution and development of public vocational education in South Africa and China, between 1948 and 1994. The purpose of the study has been to understand and trace the relation between the internal and external socio-economic and educational factors and determine how these impacted on the development of vocational education in both countries. The main focus was on the public senior secondary-level vocational educational systems in South Africa and China, referred to as technical colleges and skilled workers schools, respectively. In setting up the study, it discovered that in the period preceding 1948 in South Africa and 1949 in China, that while there were multi-track systems in both countries, the roles and functions were different. Following this, the thesis took as the starting point two key periods, namely, 1948/9 and 1978. While 1948/1949 marked the establishment of centralised political adminstrations and nation-state processes; the year 1978 marked the start of economic liberalisation. In both instances, the thesis addressed the question how these two powers made meaning in terms of the nature of vocational education. In this respect, it investigated the ways in which the practices that unfolded were connected to the broader political economic forces in both countries. It drew mainly on primary, secondary and tertiary documentary sources to build a broad historical descriptive narrative of vocational education during this period.

Since 1990s, there was increasing evidence that pension systems have been restructured across Europe and in Turkey. This thesis aims to analyse the outcomes of the pension reform in Turkey in the light of the pension reforms, realized in the European countries. Theoretically, the thesis also attempts to reevaluate institutionalist approach that is dominant approach within the study of pension systems. The main argument of the thesis is that pension systems both across Europe and in Turkey have been restructured since 1990s in accordance with the neo-liberal policies. In both contexts, it is underlined that the target of the reform is to privatize and individualize the pension systems. Change from PAYGO to funded scheme, shift towards multi-tiered model, reduction of the scope and coverage of public pension scheme and shifting of risks from public to individuals form the common characteristics of pension reforms across Europe and in Turkey.

La montée en puissance de la problématique environnementale conjuguée à la problématique de la « fin des ressources fossiles », oriente depuis près de deux décennies le secteur de la chimie vers de nouvelles pratiques et de nouveaux produits plus durables. En particulier se développent de nouveaux produits et process basé sur la ressource renouvelable qu'est le végétal. C'est ce que nous appelons la Chimie Doublement Verte (C2V) (Nieddu et al. 2010).Partant d'une demande initiale de production de « feuille de route » et d'identification de « dominant design» (entendu comme voies technologiques dominantes) pour ce nouveau secteur de la part des chimiste afin d'orienter leurs programmes de recherche, l'idée de départ de cette thèse était de tester le schéma « exploration/exploitation » d'un sentier de transition proposé par l'approche « transition to sustainable management ». Il s'agissait de le tester, en modifiant la perspective pour traiter ce modèle en termes de construction de représentation du futur de ce secteur. L'intérêt de ce résultat de diversité est qu'il nous fait revenir sur le modèle canonique qui est implicitement construit autour du passage d'un régime socio-technique dominant fondé sur un artefact unique à un autre régime socio-technique dominant fondé sur un autre artefact unique. Ce résultat nous suggère donc un enrichissement de ce modèle canonique par une représentation prenant en compte la possibilité d'un nouveau régime socio-technique d'une autre nature. Régime dont la caractéristique principale serait la nécessité du maintien d'une diversité des artefacts. / Since the last two decades the rise of environmental concerns leads to the sector of chemistry to develop new practices and new products. In particular, new products and processes based on biomass as renewable resources are developed. This is what we call the Doubly Green Chemistry (2GV) (Nieddu et al. 2010).Starting from an initial request for production of "roadmap" and identification of "dominant design" (understood as dominant technological paths) for this new sector from the chemist to guide their research programs, the start idea of this thesis was to test the scheme "exploration / exploitation" of a transition path proposed by the "transition to sustainable management" approach. The main idea it was to test this approach by changing the perspective to deal with this model in terms of representation constructions of the future of this activitie.The work has put forward a variety of representations of the douly green chemistry who settled in the time until the finest level (that of the laboratory). The interest of this result of diversity is that it brings us back to the canonical model that is implicitly built around the transition from a dominant socio-technical regime based on a single artefact to another dominant socio-technical regime based on a another unique artifact.In our case oil and its refinery replaced by biomass and its biorefinery.This result suggests an enrichment of model canonical representation taking into account the possibility of a new socio-technical regime of another nature. Regime whose main characteristic is the need of maintaining a diversity of artifacts.