Les presses hydrauliques à compression sont utilisées afin de mettre en oeuvre des thermoplastiques. La maîtrise des champs thermiques à la surface des plateaux de presse est essentielle pour garantir une transformation de qualité des matériaux. La mise en forme des composites dits « haute performance » met en jeu d’importants transferts thermiques au niveau du plateau : montée en température jusqu’à 450 °C par résistances électriques, puis refroidissement par écoulement d’eau au sein de canaux cylindriques. L’apparition de phénomènes d’ébullition convective liés aux niveaux de température mis en jeu rend délicate la maîtrise des vitesses de refroidissement lors du procédé. L’objectif des travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit est d’étudier la phase de refroidissement à l’eau de plateaux de presse, dans des conditions représentatives du procédé industriel. Deux configurations expérimentales sont retenues. Dans un premier temps, l’étude se concentre sur l’analyse de l’écoulement diphasique eau-vapeur dans un canal horizontal. Une caméra rapide permet d’observer les régimes d’écoulements apparaissant dans un canal en quartz. Puis, l’évolution des champs thermiques le long d’un canal en acier inoxydable est menée, à l’aide d’une instrumentation thermique fine, dont notamment un capteur intrusif mobile spécialement conçu pour mesurer la température au coeur de l’écoulement. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude est menée sur un élément de plateau de presse, système plus représentatif de la réalité industrielle. Plusieurs essais expérimentaux sont menés afin de quantifier l’influence du débit d’eau et de la température initiale sur la vitesse de refroidissement. Un modèle numérique vient en appui de l’analyse des résultats expérimentaux pour aider à la compréhension des phénomènes. Enfin, le montage expérimental est modifié, afin d’optimiser le refroidissement du plateau et respecter une vitesse de descente en surface de 25 °C.min-1 et ouvrir des perspectives en terme de régulation du procédé. / Hydraulic press are used to develop thermoplastic materials. The control of the thermal fields at the surface of the press platens are essential to ensure a good-quality transformation. The forming of “high performance” composites is realized within high temperature levels : heating to 450°C, with electrical cartridge ; cooling, with a water flow inside cylindrical channels. The incipience of flow boiling, due to high temperature, makes the control of cooling rate difficult during the process. The goal of the works presented here is to study the cooling process of the platen, in industrial conditions. Two experimental setups are tested. On the one hand, the study focuses on the analysis of the two-phase flow boiling. A high-speed camera enables the different flow regimes to be observed in a quartz channel. Then, the evolution of the thermal fields along a stainless steel channel is led, thanks to a fine thermal instrumentation, including an intrusive mobile sensor which has been especially made to measure the flow temperature. On the other hand, the study focuses on a single part of a platen, which is more representative of the industrial conditions. Several tests are led in order to quantify the influence of the water flowrate and the initial temperature level on the cooling rate. In parallel, a numerical model is developed to comprehensively understand the phenomenon. Finally, the experimental test bench is modified to improve the cooling of the platen and to control a 25°C.min-1 cooling rate, in the purpose of finding some perspectives concerning the process regulation.

The atoms of a molecule are always restless and are constantly moving in one way or another.Apart from rotations and translations, they may vibrate in many different modes. They may moveradially toward or from each other, so called stretching. This can be done symmetrically or asymmetrically.The angels between a pair of atoms may change seen from a common atom, so calledbending. This may be done in a common plane like scissoring or rocking, or out of plane like waggingor twisting.Anyhow, it is of interest to study these movements — since they work as a fingerprint of themolecule. Two methods for studying these behavior are Raman- and IR-spectroscopy. Some vibrations,such as symmetric stretching, are mainly seen using Raman spectroscopy (Raman active); whilebending and asymmetric stretching are primarily detected by IR spectroscopy (IR active) However,all types of combinations exist, so there are no watertight compartments between them. Instead, themethods are complementary to each other.In this article, I build up a semi-classical model of the vibrations for the case of IR-spectroscopy,and implement it in Mathematica to test the model. It is based on classical physics such as vibratingspringmechanics and Maxwell’s electrodynamics, but the vibrations are computed using modernphysics quantum mechanics. Since there are several atoms involved (say N) and the vibrations betweenthese atoms are in 3 dimensions, this may be described by 3N coupled 1-dimensional harmonicoscillators. By suitable transformations these oscillators are uncoupled, but results in a wave functionwhich is the product of 3N eigenfunctions, one for each oscillator’s eigenfunction of a given mode.Adding a time varying electric field (the IR-illumination), we need the time dependent SchrödingerEquation, where the potential is time varying sinusoidally. Necessary perturbation theory for suchtime dependency is described in some details, and an expression for the dipole moment needed forthe estimation of the IR absorption by the molecule is given. However, the model also depend onthe electrons’ orbitals and the total bond energy within the molecule. These are given by a DFT(Density Functional Theory) computer code, which serve as input to my calculations.The standard approach to do IR-spectrum calculations is to use DFT also to move the atoms inthe directions of the vibrations and compute how the dipole moments for the molecules change. Mymethod is instead to use SE directly for the many vibrating particle problem based on the knownexact solutions to the one dimensional harmonic oscillator. This is followed by perturbation theoryfor the time dependency of the IR-field to get the dipole moments.The drawback with my approach is that the electron clouds around the atoms are not affectedat all by the vibrations, they just follow the nuclei. The DFT approach takes care of the changingelectron density functions. However, my approach solves the vibrational problem more directly withthe SE and takes care of the time dependent potential using perturbation theory.Computational results for seven molecules containing between 2 and 11 atoms are shown andcompared with spectroscopic parameters and measurements compiled by established references. Theconclusion is that my model and computational output are well in accordance with these references,and some shortcomings and possible enhancements are pointed out. The drawback with the electronclouds might affect the absorption levels of the vibrations rather than their energies and are possiblein future work to take into account. / <p>Till minne av Ulf Oreborn (1957-2018)</p>

Cette recherche émerge de l’observation d’un problème terrain : l’écho défavorable fait aux prescriptions d’outils de gestion dans le contexte de la PME. La revue de littérature fait en effet apparaître l’instrumentation de gestion comme un enjeu stratégique, qui butte pourtant sur les particularismes de la PME. En même temps, elle conduit à une logique de dénaturation de la PME, qui contraint le dirigeant et son organisation à évoluer. Une première exploration de la question de recherche, par observation et enquête met en exergue le fait que l’instrumentation de gestion de la PME est fortement corrélée à la cognition de son dirigeant. De même, elle ne peut être appréhendée en dehors de l’action organisationnelle. En cela elle pose les enjeux du partage d’une vision commune du projet d’instrumentation de gestion et des mécanismes d’apprentissage collectifs. La thèse s’intéresse donc au problème de l’adoption des outils de gestion dans la PME en mobilisant les théories cognitives et de l’action collective. Plus particulièrement la problématique de recherche se base sur une perspective interactionniste, processuelle et dynamique de l’instrumentation de gestion. Elle est également centrée sur deux dimensions : l’une est managériale et traite de l’interface dirigeant-outil de gestion, l’autre est organisationnelle et traite de l’interface organisation-outil de gestion. Dans un second temps, une étude de cas permet d’illustrer les théories mises en exergue pour proposer un modèle de fonctionnement de l’adoption des outils de gestion dans la PME. Ce dernier suggère également aux managers et dirigeants de la PME, comme aux prescripteurs d’outils de gestion, une attention sur l’intensité de certaines interactions (entre la PME, son dirigeant, l’outil de gestion et le prescripteur) au grès de l’adoption. En cela la recherche propose des orientations pour le pilotage de projets d’instrumentation de gestion de la PME. / This research emerges from a problem observed in practice: the unfavourable echo of management tools prescriptions in SME’s context. First the review of literature reveals the management tools as a strategic stakes, which however aims SME specificities. At the same time, it leads to SME transformation logic, which prevents the business manager and his organization to evolve. The first exploration of the research question, by observation and survey, show that SME’s management tools is strongly correlated with the leadership’s cognition. Also, it cannot be apprehended independently of the organisational action. In this way, it puts the stakes of sharing common vision of management tools’ project and organizational mechanisms of learning. The thesis focuses on the problem of management tools adoption in SME by mobilizing the cognitive theories and the actors’ action theories. More particularly, the research is based on interactionnist, processual and dynamics approach of management tools. It is also focused on two dimensions: a managerial dimension which treats the leadership/management tools interface, and an organizational dimension which treats the organization/management tool interface. Moreover, a case study makes allows illustration of the theories put forward to propose a model of the management tools adoption in SME. This model suggests to SMEs’ business managers, as to management tools prescribers, the consideration of the intensity of certain interactions (between SME, its leader, the management tools and the prescriber) for the adoption. In that way, this research proposes orientations for the management of SME management tools project.

Orientador: Marcia Carneiro Valera Garakis / Coorientador: Flávia Goulart da Rosa Cardoso / Banca: Claudio Talge Carvalho / Banca: Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade / Resumo: Os objetivos deste trabalho são: 1) Quantificar por checkerboard a carga microbiana e pelo método de LAL endotoxinas (EU/mL) nas infecções endodônticas primárias; 2) Realizar o monitoramento dos níveis de endotoxinas (EU/mL) e de carga microbiana antes do tratamento, após o preparo biomecânico com sistemas de instrumentação rotatória, reciprocante e híbrida e após o uso da medicação intracanal; 3) Relacionar sinais e sintomas clínicos com níveis de endotoxinas, micro-orgnismos e com complexos bacterianos; 4) Relacionar volumetria dos canais radiculares por meio de TCFC com níveis de endotoxina, micro-organismos e complexos bacterianos. Trinta dentes com infecção endodôntica primária e presença de lesão periapical foram submetidos a TCFC antes do tratamento e avaliados quanto a presença de sinais e sintomas clínicos. Após abertura coronária, foi realizada a coleta inicial nos canais radiculares, e em seguida, procedeu-se com o tratamento endodôntico, sendo os dentes divididos em diferentes grupos experimentais de acordo com o sistema de instrumentação utilizado (n=10): rotatório Mtwo (MTWO), reciprocante Reciproc (REC), e híbrido Genius (GEN). Durante o preparo biomecânico, os canais foram irrigados com 24 mL de NaOCl 2,5%. Foram realizadas coletas do conteúdo dos canais radiculares: logo após a abertura coronária (1 col), após a instrumentação (2 col), e após a MIC por 14 dias, realizada com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio associada a solução salina fisiológica (3 col). A detecç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aims of this study are: 1) Quantify by checkerboard test the microbial load and endotoxins through LAL method (EU/ml) in primary endodontic infections; 2) To monitore levels of endotoxin (EU/ml) and microbial load before treatment, after biomechanical preparation with rotatory, reciprocating and hybrid instrumentation systems, and after use of intracanal medication; 3) To associate clinical signs and symptoms with endotoxin levels, microorganism and bacterial complexes; 4) To relate volumes of root canals through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), with endotoxin levels, microorganisms and bacterial complexes. Thirty teeth with primary endodontic infection and periapical lesion were submitted to endodontic treatment after CBCT and evaluated the presence of clinical signs and symptoms. After coronary opening, the initial samples were collected to verify the presence of infection in root canals. Then, teeth were divided into different experimental groups according to the instrumentation system used (n=10): rotatory Mtwo (MTWO), reciprocating Reciproc (REC), and hybrid Genius (GEN). During biomechanical preparation, the canals were irrigated with 24 mL of 2.5% NaOCl. Samples were collected: after coronary opening (S1), after the instrumentation (S2) and after intracanal medication for 14 days with calcium hydroxide paste and physiological saline solution (S3). The detection of microorganisms was performed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. The endotoxin quantification was performed by chromogenic kinetic test of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate. The root canal volumetries were performed by Nemotec® software. All data were analyzed statistically. The results showed the detection of microorganisms and endotoxins in 100% of the S1, with the most prevalent bacteria being C. ochracea and F. nucleatum (53%). After biomechanical preparation, the most found microorganisms were F. nucleatum.. (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo / Mestre

Adaptive optics holds a fundamental role in the era of thirty meter class telescopes; this technology has gained such import that is incorporated into all first light instruments of both the upcoming E-ELT and TMT telescopes. Moreover, each of these telescopes are planning to use advanced forms of adaptive optics to exploit unprecedented scientific niches, such as Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics and Multi-Object Adaptive Optics. The complexity of these systems requires careful preliminary considerations, such as demonstration of the technology on existing telescopes and effective calibration procedures. In this thesis I address these two considerations through two different approaches. First, I demonstrate the use of the Multi-Object Adaptive Op- tics demonstrator RAVEN to gather high-resolution spectroscopy for the first time with this technology, and I identify some of the most metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge to date. Secondly, I develop two focal plane wavefront sensing techniques to calibrate the internal aberrations of RAVEN and explore their applications to other adaptive optics systems.  I analyze spectra of individual stars in two Globular Clusters to establish infrared techniques that can be used with the RAVEN instrument. Detailed chemical abundances for five stars in NGC 5466 and NGC 5024, are presented from high-resolution optical (from the Hobby-Eberley Telescope) and infrared spectra (from the SDSS- III APOGEE survey). I find [Fe/H] = -1.97 ± 0.13 dex for NGC 5466, and [Fe/H] = -2.06 ± 0.13 dex for NGC 5024, and the typical abundance pattern for globular clusters for the remaining elements, e.g. both show evidence for mixing in their light element abundance ratios (C, N), and asymptotic giant branch contributions in their heavy element abundances (Y, Ba, and Eu). These clusters were selected to examine chemical trends that may correlate them with the Sgr dwarf galaxy remnant, but at these low metallicities no obvious differences from the Galactic abundance pattern are found. Regardless, I compare my results from the optical and infrared analyses to find that oxygen and silicon abundances determined from the infrared spectral lines are in better agreement with the other α-element ratios and with smaller random errors. Using the aforementioned infrared techniques, I derive the chemical abundances for five metal-poor stars in and towards the Galactic bulge from the H-band spectroscopy taken with RAVEN at the Subaru 8.2-m telescope. Three of these stars are in the Galactic bulge and have metallicities between -2.1 < [Fe/H] < -1.5, and high [α/Fe] ∼ +0.3, typical of Galactic disc and bulge stars in this metallicity range; [Al/Fe] and [N/Fe] are also high, whereas [C/Fe] < +0.3. An examination of their orbits suggests that two of these stars may be confined to the Galactic bulge and one is a halo trespasser, though proper motion values used to calculate orbits are quite uncertain. An additional two stars in the globular cluster M22 show [Fe/H] values consistent to within 1σ , although one of these two stars has [Fe/H] = -2.01 ± 0.09, which is on the low end for this cluster. The [α/Fe] and [Ni/Fe] values differ by 2, with the most metal-poor star showing significantly higher values for these elements. M22 is known to show element abundance variations, consistent with a multipopulation scenario though our results cannot discriminate this clearly given our abundance uncertainties. This is the first science demonstration of multi-object adaptive optics with high-resolution infrared spectroscopy, and we also discuss the feasibility of this technique for use in the upcoming era of 30-m class telescope facilities. Lastly, I develop two focal plane wavefront sensing techniques to calibrate the non-common path aberrations (NCPA) in adaptive optics systems. I first demonstrate these techniques in a detailed simulation of the future TMT instrument NFIRAOS. I then validate these techniques on an experimental bench subject to NFIRAOS-like wavefront errors. The two techniques are subsequently used to identify and correct the NCPA on both RAVEN and the NFIRAOS test-bench knowns as HeNOS. The application of these techniques is also explored on the VLT/SPHERE system to identify what is known as the ‘Low Wind Effect’ (LWE). I first quantify the LWE in simulation and then validate the technique on an experimental bench. I then estimate the LWE from on-sky data taken with the VLT/SPHERE adaptive optics system. Lastly, I apply my focal plane wavefront sensing techniques to estimate residual mirror co-phasing errors seen on Keck with the NIRC2 adaptive optics system data. I first demonstrate the ability of my techniques to quantify these errors in a simulation of Keck/NIRC2 data. I then apply their capabilities to estimate the mirror co-phasing errors of Keck with on-sky data. / Graduate

La construction de logiciels pour des appareils qui ne peuvent pas accueillir localement des outils de développement peut être difficile. Ces appareils ont soit une puissance de calcul trop limitée pour exécuter un IDE, ou manque des interfaces d’entrée / sortie appropriées pour la programmation ou sont tout simplement inaccessibles pour des développements locaux. Dans ces situations, les développeurs ont besoin d’une infrastructure appropriée pour développer et déboguer des applications distantes. Dans cette thèse nous identifions d’abord quatre propriétés désirables qu’une solution idéale pour le débogage à distance doit présenter : l’ interactivité, l’instrumentation, la distribution et la sécurité. Compte tenu de ces propriétés, nous proposons Mercury, un modèle de débogage à distance et une architecture pour des langues réfléxifs à objets. Mercury ouvre (1) l’interactivité grâce à un méta-niveau à distance miroir basé sur un lien de causalité avec sa cible, (2) l’instrumentation à travers une intercession réflective basée sur la réification de l’environnement d’exécution sous-jacent, (3) la distribution grâce à un middleware adaptable et (4) la sécurité par la décomposition et l’authentification de l’accès aux aspects réflexifs. Nous validons notre proposition à travers un prototype dans le langage de programmation Pharo à l’aide d’un cadre expérimental diversifié de multiples dispositifs contraints. Nous illustrons des techniques de débogage à distance soutenus par les propriétés de Mercury, tels que distance agile débogage et instrumentation objet à distance et montrons comment ils peuvent résoudre dans la pratique, les problèmes que nous avons identifiés. / Building software for devices that cannot locally support development tools can be challenging. These devices have either limited computing power to run an IDE, lack appropriate input/output interfaces for programming or are simply unreachable for local development. In these situations developers need appropriate infrastructure to remotely develop and debug applications. In this dissertation we first identify four desirable properties that an ideal solution for remote debugging should exhibit, namely: interactiveness, instrumentation, distribution and security. Given these properties we propose Mercury, a remote debugging model and architecture for reflective OO languages. Mercury supports interactiveness through a mirror-based remote meta-level that is causally connected to its target, instrumentation through reflective intercession by reifying the underlying execution environment, distribution through an adaptable middleware and security by decomposing and authenticating access to reflective facilities. We validate our proposal through a prototype implementation in the Pharo programming language using a diverse experimental setting of multiple constraint devices. We exemplify remote debugging techniques supported by Mercury’s properties, such as remote agile debugging and remote object instrumentation and show how these can solve in practice the problems we have identified.

Kolliderare är en typ av partikelaccelerator som används till att kollidera subatomiska partiklar och är viktiga för utförandet av experiment i partikel- och kärnfysik. Laddade partiklar accelereras och hålls i separata omloppsbanor med dipol- och kvadrupolmagneter, och deras banor korsar varandra minst en gång. De laddade partiklar som åker i en omloppsbana kan generaliseras till en laddad partikelstråle. Dessa strålar propagerar åt motsatta håll, och när dessa kolliderar rakt in i varandra, är laddningarna så tätt fördelade att dess elektriska fält påverkar partiklarna i den motgående strålen. Denna så kallade beam-beam effekt begränsar prestandan på kolliderare, och det är därför av intresse att kunna beskriva denna effekt med en såprecis modell som möjligt. I denna rapport testas en modell av beam-beam effekten som baserar sig på en modell som beskrevs av M. A. Furman, K. Y. Ng och A. W. Chao i rapporten "A Symplectic Model of Coherent Beam-Beam Quadrupole Modes"från 1988, men med en ändring på hur de elektriska fälten påverkar de laddade partiklarna. Denna modell testas därefter mot Furmans modell, och den nya modellen utvärderas. Den nya modellen ger stabilare strålningsspridningar under inverkan av beam-beam effekten jämfört med Furmans modell.

L’imagerie constitue un axe majeur de l’exploration de l’univers et de la Terre depuis l’espace, que l’on se trouve dans le domaine du visible ou non. Ainsi dans le domaine spatial, les données sont le plus souvent récupérées par un capteur CCD (Charge-Coupled Device, ou Dispositif à Transfert de Charge (DTC)) qui fournit des tensions analogiques vers un convertisseur analogique-numérique (CAN), dont la sortie sera transmise à une chaîne de traitement, puis envoyée sur terre. Ainsi, les CAN sont des éléments clés dans l’imagerie par satellite. De leur précision et de leur vitesse va dépendre la qualité de la représentativité de la chaîne de signaux binaires. Il est donc crucial de réaliser une conversion de données de grande qualité (vitesse, précision) tout en s’assurant de la résistance du CAN à l’environnement radiatif. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’améliorer la robustesse à l’environnement spatial, tout en optimisant les performances, de plusieurs fonctions élémentaires d’un convertisseur analogique-numérique de type pipeline 14bits,5MS/s, réalisées en technologie XFAB 0,18µm. Les trois fonctions ciblées sont les interrupteurs (notamment la résolution des problèmes liés au phénomène d’injection de charges en environnement spatial), les comparateurs (durcissement) et l’amplificateur à capacités commutées (amélioration du gain par une technique prédictive sans pénaliser la puissance consommée).

Non-linear errors in the magnetic field of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN often lead to undesirable resonances and instabilities in the particle motion, which can negatively affect the operations of the accelerator. This project focuses on developing a new correction scheme with a response matrix approach to optimize the values of the skew sextupolar correctors of the LHC at injection, in order to mitigate the impact of resonance driving terms (RDTs). So far, no correction has been introduced to actively compensate these RDTs. In particular, we investigate the RDTs related to the 3Qy resonance, which has been proposed to be connected to emittance growth in the LHC, leading to a loss of luminosity in the detectors. Starting from a basic linear model of the LHC, we gradually introduce more complex errors and demonstrate that this correction scheme is more effective than the standard correction. The correction scheme also proves to be effective for more advanced non-linear models, also considering alignment errors.

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