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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Modelamento do ensaio de indentação instrumentada usando elementos finitos e análise dimensional - análise de unicidade, variações experimentais, atrito e geometria e deformações do indentador. / Modeling of the instrumented indetation test using finite element simulations and dimensional analysis - analysis of uniqueness, experimental variation, friction , and elastic deformation and geometry of the indenter.

Sara Aida Rodríguez Pulecio 31 March 2010 (has links)
A caracterização de materiais utilizando a técnica de indentação instrumentada difundiu-se significativamente na última década, devido às melhorias dos instrumentos que permitem ensaios por esta técnica e à necessidade de se fazer ensaios em pequenos volumes de materiais, como, por exemplo, em filmes finos e materiais com superfícies modificadas por tratamentos superficiais. Neste texto, abordou-se a elaboração de um algoritmo que permita o estudo da resposta de indentação de superfícies de diferentes materiais metálicos, durante e após o contato com um indentador agudo, empregando simulações por elementos finitos e análise dimensional. Na obtenção do algoritmo analisaram-se os efeitos da formação de borda (pile-up) ou da retração (sink-in) do material indentado, o coeficiente de atrito indentador-amostra, as deformações elásticas do indentador, a geometria do indentador e a variação experimental. As relações obtidas permitiram identificar uma falta fundamental de relação única entre as propriedades mecânicas e a forma da curva de indentação para curvas com razão d r/dmax>0,9, onde d r é a profundidade residual da indentação e dmax é o deslocamento máximo do indentador durante o ensaio. Da mesma forma, concluiu-se que a relação de Sneddon tem que ser corrigida tanto pela geometria da área de contato indentador-amostra quanto pela razão entre os módulos elásticos do material e do indentador (E/Ei). Como a área de contato indentador-amostra é afetada não só pela geometria do indentador mas também pelo nível de pile-up ou sink-in nos indentadores piramidais, uma relação foi identificada entre o nível de pile-up/sink-in e o fator de correção b da equação de Sneddon para os indentadores Vickers e Berkovich. Adicionalmente, pequenas diferenças foram observadas entre as curvas P-h (onde h é a profundidade de indentação abaixo da superfície original da amostra) e as curvas P-d (onde d é o valor da aproximação mútua entre indentador e amostra durante a indentação) para um mesmo valor de módulo reduzido Er quando a razão E/Ei é grande. Assim, o módulo reduzido pode sobreestimar ou subestimar a rigidez do indentador, dependendo das propriedades do material indentado. As análises neste trabalho permitiram igualmente observar que as principais limitações na obtenção das propriedades elasto-plásticas usando a curva de indentação instrumentada vêm da falta de unicidade, seguida pela geometria do indentador, isto é, diferenças entre o cone equivalente e os piramidais Vickers e Berkovich, assim como desvios em relação à geometria ideal do indentador, o que inclui arredondamento da sua ponta. Quando não há unicidade, sabendo-se informações adicionais à curva P-d, por exemplo, o valor da área residual da indentação ou o módulo elástico, uma solução única das propriedades mecânicas pode ser obtida. Em paralelo, a variação experimental pode limitar de forma significativa a precisão no cálculo das propriedades, enquanto o atrito indentador-amostra e as deformações do indentador têm efeitos menos significativos. Em termos gerais, observa-se que as funções que compõem o algoritmo desenvolvido neste trabalho permitem: (i) predizer as curvas carga-deslocamento (curvas P-d), produto do ensaio de indentação instrumentada, para um conjunto de propriedades elasto-plásticas conhecidas; (ii) identificar quando uma mesma curva P-d pode ser obtida de mais de um conjunto de propriedades do material indentado (iii) calcular as propriedades mecânicas (dureza, módulo elástico, coeficiente de encruamento e limite de escoamento) de um material usando a curva P-d quando d r/dmax<0,8 ou faixas de propriedades de materiais quando d r/dmax>0,8 e (iv) calcular as propriedades mecânicas (dureza, módulo elástico, coeficiente de encruamento e limite de escoamento) de um material usando a curva P-d e a área residual da indentação. / The interest in material characterization using instrumented indentation techniques has significantly increased in the last decade, due to improvements in testing instruments and the need to carry out tests on small volumes of materials, such as thin films or materials with surfaces modified by other surface treatments. This work addresses the development of an algorithm to analyze the indentation response of a group of metallic materials, during and after the contact with a sharp indenter, using finite element simulations and dimensional analysis. The formulation of the algorithm considered the effects of pile-up or sink-in of the indented material around the indentation, the friction coefficient between the indenter and the sample, the elastic deformation of the indenter, and the defects of the indenter tip. An analysis considering algorithm output and experimental variation was also conducted. The results allowed identifying a fundamental lack of unique relationship between the mechanical properties and the shape of the indentation curve for indentation curves with ratio d r/dmax>0,9, where d r is the residual indentation depth and dmax is the maximum indenter displacement in the test. Similarly, results allowed concluding that Sneddons equation requires a correction by both the geometry of the contact area and the ratio between the elastic moduli of the material and the indenter (E/Ei). As the shape of contact area is affected not only by the geometry of the indenter but also by the level of pile-up or sink-in in pyramidal indenters, a relationship was observed between the level of pile-up/sink-in and the correction factor b in the Sneddons equation for Vickers and Berkovich indenters. Additionally, it was found that the deformation of the indenter is not fully incorporated into indentation data analysis by the consideration of a reduced modulus (Er). Small differences between P-h curves (where h is the indentation depth below the original surface) and P-d curves (where d is the indenter/sample mutual approach) were observed for the same Er when the ratio E/Ei is large. Thus, the reduced modulus can overestimate or underestimate the indenter stiffness, depending on the mechanical properties of the indented material. Additionally, the analysis in this work has identified that the most important limitations in mechanical properties estimation using the indentation curve arise from the lack of uniqueness, followed by deviations in indenter geometry, such as differences between equivalent cone and pyramidal Vickers or Berkovich and tip defects. When non-uniqueness is present, unique solution may be obtained with the knowledge of additional information, in conjunction with P-d data, such as the residual indentation area or the elastic modulus. Furthermore, even when a unique solution is available the experimental variation may significantly decrease the accuracy in mechanical properties estimation, whereas friction and indenter deformation have less significant effects. In general, it was observed that the proposed algorithm allows: (i) predicting the load-displacement curves P-d of instrumented indentation tests for a set of known elastic-plastic mechanical properties, (ii) identifying when the same P-d curve can be obtained from more than one set of mechanical properties of the indented material, (iii) calculating the mechanical properties (hardness, elastic modulus, yield stress and strain hardening coefficient) from P-d curves when d r/dmax<0,8 or possible ranges for each mechanical property when d r/dmax>0,8 and (iv) calculating the mechanical properties (hardness, elastic modulus, yield stress and strain hardening coefficient) from P-d curves and the knowledge of the residual indentation area.
12

Apport de l’indentation instrumentée dans la caractérisation mécanique des tôles métalliques destinées à l’emboutissage : influence de l’écrouissage / Contribution of the instrumented indentation in the mechanical characterization of metal sheets used for stamping process : Influence of the work hardening

Idriss, Mohamad 04 December 2015 (has links)
L'emboutissage est une technique de mise en forme des tôles métalliques. L'emboutissage est généralement suivi par un phénomène de retour élastique de la tôle emboutie. Le phénomène de retour élastique correspond à une modification de la géométrie de la tôle après enlèvement de la charge d'emboutissage. L'écrouissage du matériau est l'un des facteurs les plus importants qui influence ce phénomène. Dans cette thèse, l'écrouissage de différentes tôles dédiées à l'emboutissage a été étudié en utilisant la technique d'indentation instrumentée. Cette technique permet d'obtenir la loi d'écrouissage d'un matériau à partir de la mesure de l'évolution de l'enfoncement d'une bille dans le matériau testé en fonction de l'effort appliqué sur cette bille. Trois aspects essentiels de l'écrouissage ont été étudiés : La variation de la loi d'écrouissage dans l'épaisseur de la tôle, le niveau d'écrouissage atteint par la tôle après déformation plastique et le type d'écrouissage. Le test d'indentation instrumentée a permis de caractériser chacun de ces aspects influençant le retour élastique. Cet outil peut ainsi être utile dans une démarche d'amélioration de la prédiction du phénomène de retour élastique en emboutissage. / Stamping is a forming technique of the metal sheets. Stamping is generally followed by a springback phenomenon of the stamped sheet metal. The phenomenon of springback corresponds to a modification of the geometry of the sheet after removal of the load. One of the most important factors influencing springback is the work-hardening of the material. In this thesis, the work-hardening of different sheet metals used for stamping process was investigated using the instrumented indentation technique. This technique allows obtaining the work-hardening law of a material from the measurement of the evolution of the penetration depth of a ball in the tested material as a function of the applied force on the ball. Three major aspects of the work-hardening were studied: The variation of the work-hardening law in the thickness of the sheet, the level of work-hardening obtained after plastic deformation and the type of the work-hardening. The instrumented indentation test allows characterizing each of these aspects influencing springback. This tool can thus be useful in a process of improving the prediction of the springback phenomenon in stamping.
13

Étude de l'influence de la vitesse de déformation sur la réponse à l'indentation des matériaux polymères / Study of the strain rate effect of polymeric material using indentation test

Rabemananjara, Liva 26 November 2015 (has links)
L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'influence de la vitesse de déformation sur la réponse par indentation des matériaux. Les matériaux polymères thermoplastiques, notamment le Polycarbonate (PC), le Polyméthylméthacrylate (PMMA), le Polyéthylène à Haute Densité (PEHD) et le Polyamide Nylon 6.6 renforcé à 30% de fibres de verres (PA 6.6-30% GFR), ont été choisis comme matériaux d'études en raison de leur forte sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation même à température ambiante. Les deux premières parties de ce travail sont focalisées sur l'étude du comportement thermomécanique des matériaux polymères. Une étude bibliographique sur des matériaux polymères thermoplastiques, amorphes et semi-cristallins, a été effectuée afin de comprendre leur microstructure et leur mécanisme de déformation. De plus, des essais de compression simple ont été réalisés sur les matériaux d'étude à différentes vitesses de traverse constantes puis dépouillés analytiquement. Les trois derniers chapitres de cette thèse sont consacrés à la caractérisation mécanique des matériaux par indentation. En premier lieu des simulations numériques de l'essai d'indentation conique ( =70,3°) à une vitesse de pénétration constante ( = 1 µm/s) ont été effectuées à partir des paramètres de la loi de G'sell modifiée et de la loi puissance identifiés par compression. L'identification par analyse inverse des paramètres de la loi de G'sell modifiée à 7 paramètres sur des courbes pseudo-expérimentales nous a permis de confirmer la non unicité de la solution. Ainsi, nous avons effectué l'étude théorique de l'indentation sur des matériaux pseudo-expérimentaux en utilisant la loi puissance. Un nouveau concept de déformation représentative et de vitesse de déformation représentative, basé sur l'analyse du domaine de solution regroupant l'ensemble des paramètres donnant les mêmes courbes d'indentation, a été proposé. La procédure d'identification des paramètres de la loi puissance par indentation utilisant ce concept de déformation représentative et de vitesse de déformation représentative, appliquée sur un matériau pseudo-expérimental donne des résultats très satisfaisants. Sur les matériaux d'étude en revanche la méthode n'a pu révéler son potentiel puisque la loi de comportement de ces matériaux n'est pas correctement modélisée par une loi puissance sur une large plage de déformation et de vitesse de déformation. Enfin, le concept de déformation représentative et de vitesse de déformation représentative proposé dans ce travail apporte de nouveaux outils d'analyse et d'exploitation des données de l'indentation et offre des perspectives très intéressantes. / The aim of this thesis is to study the strain rate effects through materials response from indentation test. Polymeric solid material, especially Polycarbonate (PC), Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Polyamide Nylon 6.6 -30% glass fiber reinforced (PA 6.6-30% GFR), were selected as study materials due to their high strain rate sensitivity even at room temperature. The first two parts of this work were focused on the study of the thermomechanical behavior of polymer materials. Bibliographical studies of thermoplastic polymer materials, amorphous and semi-crystalline, was established in order to understand their microstructure and deformation mechanism. Moreover, compression tests were performed on study materials with several crosshead speeds values then the results was exploited analytically. The last three parts were focused on mechanical characterization using Instrumented Indentation Test (IIT). Firstly, numerical simulation of a conical indentation test ( =70.3°) with a constant rate displacement ( = 1 µm/s) was established using the identified G’sell behavior parameters and the power-law parameters from compression test. Parameter identification using Inverse Analysis from numerical material shows the non-uniqueness of G’sell parameters which gives the same indentation curve. Thus, theoretical study of conical indentation test was established considering power-law model. A new concept of the representative strain and the representative strain rate, based on solution domain which associate the set of parameters leading to the same indentation curves, was proposed. Very satisfactory results was obtained when identification process using this average representative strain rate is applied to a numerical material define by a power-law model. However, this method could not show its efficiency because the mechanical behavior of the real material is not correctly modeling with a power-law at a wide range of strain and strain rate. Finally, the new concept of the representative strain and the representative strain rate proposed on this work contributes to a new investigation tools to exploit the results form IIT and provide a very interesting perspectives.
14

Études des propriétés mécaniques de matériaux métalliques en couches minces / Mechanical behaviour of metallic thin films

Fourcade, Thibaut 26 September 2013 (has links)
Les couches minces sont utilisées dans un nombre important de domaines industriels comme les Micro- et Nano- Technologies (MNT) ou le traitement de surfaces. Elles peuvent être utilisées soit comme couches de structures, soit pour apporter des fonctions de protection ou de fonctionnalisation à des surfaces. On distingue généralement deux types de couches minces : les couches minces déposées et les couches minces autoportantes. L’objectif du travail présenté dans ce manuscrit est de développer des méthodes de caractérisation mécanique du comportement élasto-plastique des couches minces autoportantes et déposées. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons un essai de microtraction à même de travailler sur des couches d’épaisseur 750 nm et les moyens techniques associés. Ces outils permettent de caractériser les propriétés élasto-plastiques et l’endommagement mécanique des couches minces autoportantes. Dans un second temps, nous nous intéressons à la mise en œuvre de méthodes d’identification paramétrique associées à des essais d’indentation instrumentée dans l’optique de caractériser le comportement élasto-plastique des matériaux en couches minces déposées. Les couches caractérisées dans cette étude sont des multicouches Au-NiCo d’épaisseur totale 22 µm et des couches minces d’aluminium élaborées à partir de plusieurs procédées dont les épaisseurs sont comprises entre 1 et 1,5 µm. / The thin films are used in a large number of industrial fields such as Micro- and Nano- Technology (MNT) or treatment of surfaces. They can be used either as layer structures, or to provide protection functions or functionalized surfaces. There are generally two types of thin layers deposited thin films and self-supporting thin layers. The objective of the work presented in this manuscript is to develop methods for mechanical characterization of elastic-plastic behavior of free-standing thin films and deposited. First, we present a microtensile test able to work on 750 nm thick layers and associated technical means. These tools allow to characterize the elastic-plastic properties and mechanical damage freestanding thin films. In a second step, we focus on the implementation of parametric identification methods associated with implementation of instrumented indentation testing in the context of characterizing the elastic-plastic behavior of the deposited thin film materials. The layers characterized in this study are multilayer NiCo In total thickness 22 microns and thin layers of aluminum produced from several procédées with thicknesses between 1 and 1.5 microns.
15

The Correlation of Hardness to Toughness and the Superior Impact Properties of Martensite in Pressure Vessel Steels applied to Temper Bead Qualification

Smith, Mackenzie Boeing J. 04 October 2021 (has links)
No description available.
16

Vers l’identification d’une loi de plasticité monocristalline par analyse topographique d’empreintes de nanoindentation Berkovich / To the identification of a single crystal plasticity law by topographic analysis of Berkovich nanoindentation imprints

Renner, Emile 20 June 2016 (has links)
Une méthode d’analyse des topographies résiduelles, obtenues par essais de nanoindentation Berkovich sur trois échantillons de nickel polycristallins cubiques à faces entrées (CFC), a été développée dans cette thèse. L’objectif de la méthode est d’évaluer la richesse de l’information contenue dans les empreintes pour l’identification de tout ou partie des paramètres d’une loi de plasticité monocristalline. La création d’une base de données de topographies résiduelles, mesurées par microscopie à force atomique (AFM), constitue la partie expérimentale du travail. Les distributions et dimensions de bourrelets montrent une grande sensibilité à l’orientation relative indenteur/grain et au taux d’écrouissage. Les topographies obtenues s’avèrent être de véritables « empreintes digitales » du mécanisme de plasticité à l’échelle du grain. L’élaboration sous le code ZéBuLon d’un modèle éléments finis (EF) 3D de l’essai de nanoindentation Berkovich, intégrant la loi de Méric-Cailletaud, permet de retrouver les observations expérimentales. Une étude numérique confirme la sensibilité de la topographie à l’orientation relative indenteur/grain et aux paramètres plastiques, notamment aux coefficients de la matrice d’interaction des dislocations présentes sur les systèmes de glissement. Afin d’évaluer la richesse du contenu informatif des empreintes, un indice d’identifiabilité est proposé. Son calcul est basé sur la multi-colinéarité des vecteurs de sensibilité des topographies résiduelles aux paramètres de la loi. Il permet de quantifier, en fonction des données topographiques prises en compte, le caractère mal posé du problème d’identification paramétrique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’identification de quatre à cinq paramètres de la loi de Méric-Cailletaud est envisageable en exploitant seulement deux empreintes. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à l’identification du comportement à l’échelle du cristal, guidée par l’identifiabilité paramétrique. / In this thesis, a method is developed to analyse the residual topographies obtained by Berkovich nanoindentation tests on three face-centered cubic (FCC) polycrystalline nickel samples. The purpose is to measure the information richness of imprints for identifying all or part of parameters of a single crystal plasticity law. The experimental part consists in creating a residual topography database by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements on the samples. Pile-up distributions and sizes are largely sensitive to the indenter/grain relative orientation and the hardening rate. The topographies are true “fingerprints” of the plasticity mechanism at the grain scale. A 3D finite element (FE) modelling of nanoindentation test is developed using the code ZeBuLon and making use of the Méric-Cailletaud law. Numerical results show a good agreement with experimental observations and are largely sensitive to the indenter/grain relative orientation and the plastic parameters, including the interaction matrix coefficient specifying the interaction between dislocations on different slip systems. To measure the imprint information content, an identifiability index is proposed. Its calculation is based on the multicollinearity among the sensitivity vectors of topographies to the law parameters. According to the considered topographies, it measures if the numerical model updating problem is ill-posed. The results show that four to five parameters of the Méric-Cailletaud law can be identified by considering two topographies. This work paves the way for identifying the material behaviour at the grain scale using parametric identifiability

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