Urban transportation networks are inefficient due to sub-optimal use by travelers. One approach to counter the increase in urban transportation demand is to provide better information to travelers, which would allow them to make better use of the network. Existing traveler information systems do this to a certain extent, but are limited by the data available and the scope of their implementation. These systems are vertically integrated and closed so that using any external elements for analysis, user interfacing etc. is difficult. The effects of such traveler information systems are reviewed via a comparative analysis of case studies available in the literature. It is found that information availability has a definite positive effect, but the social and environmental benefits are difficult to quantify. It is also seen that combining data by integrating systems can lead to additional uses for the same data and result on better quality of service and information. In this thesis, a regional platform for multi-modal traveler information is proposed that would support the development of traveler information systems. The architecture incorporates a central processing and storage module, which acts as an information clearinghouse and supports receiving, managing and sending data to and from multiple sources and interfaces. This setup allows sharing of data for analysis or application development, but with access control. The components are loosely coupled to minimize inter-dependencies. Due to this, the source, analysis, user interface and storage components can be developed independently of each other. To better develop the requirements and understand the challenges of the proposed concept, a limited implementation of the system is designed for the midtown Atlanta region, incorporating multiple data sources and user interfaces. The individual elements of the system are described in detail as is the testing and evaluation of the system.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis--Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

M. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Presents an IPv6-based mobility support scheme for vehicular scenarios. The focus of this study is on modelling of an efficient network layer handover scheme suitable for vehicular network environments. In order to achieve this, a Vehicular Fast handovers for Mobile IPv6 (VFMIPv6) network layer protocol has been proposed.

Ο ρόλος των Ευφυών Συστημάτων Μεταφορών είναι η βελτίωση της οδικής ασφάλειας, μέσω της έγκαιρης ανίχνευσης συμβάντων και της αποτελεσματικής διαχείρισης της κυκλοφορίας. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, η έρευνα αυτή εστιάζει στην ανάλυση της σχέσης μεταξύ ενός καθημερινού σοβαρού φαινομένου της κυκλοφορίας, όπως το κυκλοφοριακό πλήγμα (shockwave) και τα οχήματα που κινούνται σε σχηματισμό cluster, μέσω του κυκλοφοριακού πλήγματος. Για να σχηματιστεί ένα cluster απαιτείται δύο ή περισσότερα οχήματα να περιλαμβάνονται στην ακολουθία οχημάτων είτε λόγω της εγγύτητάς τους είτε λόγω της σχετικής τους απόστασής από άλλα οχήματα. Ξεκινώντας με βίντεο κυκλοφοριακής στον αυτοκινητόδρομο I-94, Minnesota, USA, οι τροχιές των οχημάτων εξήχθησαν. Τα αποτελέσματα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στη συνέχεια προκειμένου να καθοριστούν μεταβλητές όπως χρονοαπόσταση, ταχύτητα, επιτάχυνση για τρεις ομάδες οχημάτων, το Cluster, η ομάδα Πριν το Cluster και η ομάδα Μετά το Cluster. Η σχέση μεταξύ αυτών των ομάδων μελετήθηκε και αποτυπώθηκε σε γραμμικές συναρτήσεις με πολλαπλές ανεξάρτητες μεταβλητές. / The role of Intellignet Transportation Systems is to enhance traffic safety, through timely detection of incidents and effective traffic management. In this framework, this research focuses into analyzing the relationship between a daily severe traffic phenomenon such as shockwave and vehicles which move in cluster formation through the shockwave. For a cluster to be formed it is required for two or more vehicles to be included either because of their closeness or because of their relative distance from other vehicles on the link. Starting with video recordings of traffic flow on I-94, Minnesota, USA, vehicles trajectories were extracted. The results were then used in order to define variables such as vehicles space and time headway, velocity, acceleration for three groups of vehicles; the Cluster, the Before Cluster group and the After Cluster group. The relationship between these groups was studied and was modeled in linear functions with multiple variables.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008. / Vita: p. 199. Thesis director: Roger Stough. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 16. 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 182-198). Also issued in print.

O rápido crescimento das regiões urbanas tem impacto significativo nos sistemas de tráfego e transportes. Políticas de gerenciamento e estratégias de planejamento alternativas são claramente necessárias para o tratamento da capacidade limitada, e cada vez mais deficitária, das redes viárias. O conceito de Sistemas Inteligentes de Transportes (ITS) surge neste cenário; mais do que procurar aumentar a capacidade por meio de modificações físicas na infraestrutura, sua premissa baseia-se na utilização de tecnologias avançadas de comunicação e computação para melhor gerir os recursos de tráfego e transportes atuais. Influenciar o padrão do comportamento dos usuários é um desafio que tem estimulado muita pesquisa na área de ITS, onde fatores humanos passam a ter grande importância na modelagem, simulação e avaliação dessa abordagem inovadora. Este trabalho tem como foco a utilização de Sistemas Multiagentes (MAS) na representação dos sistemas de tráfego e transporte, com base nas novasmedidas de desempenho impostas pelas tecnologias ITS. As características de agentes têm grande potencial para representar componentes geográfica e funcionalmente distribuídos, como a maioria dos elementos no domínio da aplicação. Uma arquitetura BDI (beliefs, desires, intentions) é apresentada como alternativa a modelos tradicionais, usados para representar o comportamento do motorista em simulação microscópica, considerando-se a representação explícita dos estados mentais dos usuários. Os conceitos básicos de ITS e MAS são apresentados, assim como exemplos de aplicações relacionados com o tema do trabalho. Esta foi a motivação para a extensão de um simulador microscópico existente, no sentido de incorporar as características dos MAS para melhorar a representação dos motoristas. Assim, a demanda é gerada a partir de uma população de agentes, resultando da decisão sobre a rota e o tempo de partida ao longo de vários dias. O modelo estendido, que passa a suportar a interação de motoristas BDI, foi efetivamente implementado e foram executados diferentes experimentos para testar a abordagem em cenários de tráfego urbano. MAS permite uma abordagem direcionada a processos que facilita a construção de representações modulares, robustas, e extensíveis, características pouco presentes em abordagens voltadas ao resultado. Suas premissas de abstração permitem uma associação direta entre modelo e implementação. Incerteza e variabilidade são assim tratadas de maneira mais intuitiva, uma vez que arquiteturas cognitivas permitem uma fácil representação do comportamento humano na estrutura do motorista. Desta forma, MAS estende a simulação microscópica de tráfego no sentido de melhor representar a complexidade inerente às tecnologias ITS. / The rapid growth of urban areas has a significant impact on traffic and transportation systems. New management policies and planning strategies are clearly necessary to cope with the more than ever limited capacity of existing road networks. The concept of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) arises in this scenario; rather than attempting to increase road capacity by means of physical modifications to the infrastructure, the premise of ITS relies on the use of advanced communication and computer technologies to handle today’s traffic and transportation facilities. Influencing users’ behaviour patterns is a challenge that has stimulated much research in the ITS field, where human factors start gaining great importance to modelling, simulating, and assessing such an innovative approach. This work is aimed at using Multi-agent Systems (MAS) to represent the traffic and transportation systems in the light of the new performance measures brought about by ITS technologies. Agent features have good potentialities to represent those components of a system that are geographically and functionally distributed, such as most components in traffic and transportation. A BDI (beliefs, desires, and intentions) architecture is presented as an alternative to traditional models used to represent the driver behaviour within microscopic simulation allowing for an explicit representation of users’ mental states. Basic concepts of ITS and MAS are presented, as well as some application examples related to the subject. This has motivated the extension of an existing microscopic simulation framework to incorporate MAS features to enhance the representation of drivers. This way demand is generated from a population of agents as the result of their decisions on route and departure time, on a daily basis. The extended simulation model that now supports the interaction of BDI driver agents was effectively implemented, and different experiments were performed to test this approach in commuter scenarios. MAS provides a process-driven approach that fosters the easy construction of modular, robust, and scalable models, characteristics that lack in former result-driven approaches. Its abstraction premises allow for a closer association between the model and its practical implementation. Uncertainty and variability are addressed in a straightforward manner, as an easier representation of humanlike behaviours within the driver structure is provided by cognitive architectures, such as the BDI approach used in this work. This way MAS extends microscopic simulation of traffic to better address the complexity inherent in ITS technologies.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Henrique Kleinschmidt / The dissemination of wireless networks will enable the interconnection of every type of device, creating what is called the Internet of Things. In this concept, objects with great potential for the deployment of new applications are the automotive vehicles that will form mobile networks known as VANETs (Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks). These networks are particularly sensitive to information security issues, because, besides the common threats, one deliberate cybernetic attack or functional anomaly can result in traffic accidents. Due to its specific characteristics, the establishment of trust in VANET networks requires the introduction of additional not traditional measures of information security. This MsC thesis proposes a centralized mechanism of vehicular reputation based on the concept of certified reputation. In the scheme, vehicles communicate with other network participants providing its digital certificate, which includes the reputation level safely stored by the vehicle. Decision-making mechanisms in the receiving vehicles are responsible for judging whether messages are true or false, based on the reputation of the issuers nodes. Periodically, vehicles must connect to the certification authorities and central control of traffic to update their reputation level, which is determined centrally by validating their behavior in participation and communication of events on the network. Quantitative analysis of simulated scenarios showed that the adequate combination of the reputation mechanism with a vehicular decision mechanism presents better results than without a reputation system, considering the existence of false messages and attacks on the network. This way, the proposed system proved its effectiveness in reducing the risks of anomalous or malicious behavior in a VANET network. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia da Informação, 2015. / A disseminação das redes sem fio possibilitará a interconexão de qualquer tipo de dispositivo, criando o que se denomina de Internet das Coisas. Neste conceito, um dos objetos com grande potencial para o desenvolvimento de aplicações são os veículos automotores, que constituirão redes móveis conhecidas como VANETs (Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks). Estas redes são particularmente sensíveis às questões relacionadas à segurança da informação, pois, além das ameaças comuns, um ataque cibernético deliberado ou anomalias de funcionamento podem levar a acidentes viários. Devido às suas características particulares, o estabelecimento de confiança nas redes VANET exigirá a aplicação de medidas adicionais não tradicionais de segurança da informação. Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de mecanismo centralizado de reputação veicular baseada no conceito de reputação certificada. No esquema, os veículos se comunicam com os demais participantes da rede fornecendo seu certificado digital, que inclui o nível de reputação armazenado de forma segura pelo veículo. Mecanismos de decisão nos veículos receptores são responsáveis por julgar se as mensagens são verdadeiras ou falsas, baseando-se na reputação dos nós de comunicação emitentes. Periodicamente, os veículos devem entrar em contato com as autoridades certificadoras e de controle central de tráfego para atualizar seu nível de reputação, que é determinado centralmente pela validação de seu comportamento de participação e comunicação dos eventos na rede. A análise quantitativa de cenários simulados mostrou que a combinação adequada do mecanismo de reputação com um mecanismo de decisão veicular apresenta um total de decisões certas superior a de sistemas sem reputação, considerando a existência de mensagens falsas e ataques ao sistema. Desta forma, o sistema proposto mostrou sua eficácia em reduzir os riscos de comportamentos anômalos ou maliciosos em uma rede VANET.

O rápido crescimento das regiões urbanas tem impacto significativo nos sistemas de tráfego e transportes. Políticas de gerenciamento e estratégias de planejamento alternativas são claramente necessárias para o tratamento da capacidade limitada, e cada vez mais deficitária, das redes viárias. O conceito de Sistemas Inteligentes de Transportes (ITS) surge neste cenário; mais do que procurar aumentar a capacidade por meio de modificações físicas na infraestrutura, sua premissa baseia-se na utilização de tecnologias avançadas de comunicação e computação para melhor gerir os recursos de tráfego e transportes atuais. Influenciar o padrão do comportamento dos usuários é um desafio que tem estimulado muita pesquisa na área de ITS, onde fatores humanos passam a ter grande importância na modelagem, simulação e avaliação dessa abordagem inovadora. Este trabalho tem como foco a utilização de Sistemas Multiagentes (MAS) na representação dos sistemas de tráfego e transporte, com base nas novasmedidas de desempenho impostas pelas tecnologias ITS. As características de agentes têm grande potencial para representar componentes geográfica e funcionalmente distribuídos, como a maioria dos elementos no domínio da aplicação. Uma arquitetura BDI (beliefs, desires, intentions) é apresentada como alternativa a modelos tradicionais, usados para representar o comportamento do motorista em simulação microscópica, considerando-se a representação explícita dos estados mentais dos usuários. Os conceitos básicos de ITS e MAS são apresentados, assim como exemplos de aplicações relacionados com o tema do trabalho. Esta foi a motivação para a extensão de um simulador microscópico existente, no sentido de incorporar as características dos MAS para melhorar a representação dos motoristas. Assim, a demanda é gerada a partir de uma população de agentes, resultando da decisão sobre a rota e o tempo de partida ao longo de vários dias. O modelo estendido, que passa a suportar a interação de motoristas BDI, foi efetivamente implementado e foram executados diferentes experimentos para testar a abordagem em cenários de tráfego urbano. MAS permite uma abordagem direcionada a processos que facilita a construção de representações modulares, robustas, e extensíveis, características pouco presentes em abordagens voltadas ao resultado. Suas premissas de abstração permitem uma associação direta entre modelo e implementação. Incerteza e variabilidade são assim tratadas de maneira mais intuitiva, uma vez que arquiteturas cognitivas permitem uma fácil representação do comportamento humano na estrutura do motorista. Desta forma, MAS estende a simulação microscópica de tráfego no sentido de melhor representar a complexidade inerente às tecnologias ITS. / The rapid growth of urban areas has a significant impact on traffic and transportation systems. New management policies and planning strategies are clearly necessary to cope with the more than ever limited capacity of existing road networks. The concept of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) arises in this scenario; rather than attempting to increase road capacity by means of physical modifications to the infrastructure, the premise of ITS relies on the use of advanced communication and computer technologies to handle today’s traffic and transportation facilities. Influencing users’ behaviour patterns is a challenge that has stimulated much research in the ITS field, where human factors start gaining great importance to modelling, simulating, and assessing such an innovative approach. This work is aimed at using Multi-agent Systems (MAS) to represent the traffic and transportation systems in the light of the new performance measures brought about by ITS technologies. Agent features have good potentialities to represent those components of a system that are geographically and functionally distributed, such as most components in traffic and transportation. A BDI (beliefs, desires, and intentions) architecture is presented as an alternative to traditional models used to represent the driver behaviour within microscopic simulation allowing for an explicit representation of users’ mental states. Basic concepts of ITS and MAS are presented, as well as some application examples related to the subject. This has motivated the extension of an existing microscopic simulation framework to incorporate MAS features to enhance the representation of drivers. This way demand is generated from a population of agents as the result of their decisions on route and departure time, on a daily basis. The extended simulation model that now supports the interaction of BDI driver agents was effectively implemented, and different experiments were performed to test this approach in commuter scenarios. MAS provides a process-driven approach that fosters the easy construction of modular, robust, and scalable models, characteristics that lack in former result-driven approaches. Its abstraction premises allow for a closer association between the model and its practical implementation. Uncertainty and variability are addressed in a straightforward manner, as an easier representation of humanlike behaviours within the driver structure is provided by cognitive architectures, such as the BDI approach used in this work. This way MAS extends microscopic simulation of traffic to better address the complexity inherent in ITS technologies.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 10188999 bytes, checksum: e41b4aacc8335faf623eef73c980c80b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Public Transportation Systems provides modern technology able to improve operation performance , comfort and safety for the costumers. This work intends to study the uses of Information Technology, its application and results as subsidy for planning and management of public transportation of passangers, predominantly fulfilled by bus. The basic hypothesis of this work is that the technological resources available are not used or are used inadequately by the managers and operators of the public transportation. The work invastigates what is known by quality on public transportation in literature and how it is conceived by the agents envolved: costumers, operators, managers and the community in general. This works shows, still, the basic concepts of Intelligent Transportation Systems, and the details and analysis of applications on public transportation, in special those regarding resources in Information Technology. The details of a survey that aimed to identify which technological resources are used by the organ managers of public transportation, in many city in Brazil, and that should be able to turn in improvements of quality of the system, completed the work. The result of this survey indicated that, even though there is a range of technologies available, the use of this potential is very small, and contributes little for the improvements of quality of the public transportation. / Os sistemas de transportes públicos dispõem de modernas tecnologias capazes de melhorar o desempenho da operação, o conforto e a segurança dos usuários. Este trabalho pretende estudar o problema do uso da Tecnologia da Informação, sua aplicação, e seus resultados como subsídio para o gerenciamento e planejamento do transporte público de passageiros, predominantemente realizado por ônibus. A hipótese básica do presente trabalho é de que os recursos tecnológicos disponíveis não são utilizados, ou são utilizados inadequadamente, pelos gestores e operadores do transporte público. O trabalho investiga o que se entende por qualidade no transporte público na literatura, e como é percebida pelos agentes envolvidos: usuários, operadores, gestores e a comunidade em geral. O trabalho apresenta, ainda, os conceitos básicos dos Sistemas Inteligentes de Transportes, e os detalhamentos e análises das aplicações no transporte público, em especial os referentes aos recursos da Tecnologia da Informação. O detalhamento de uma pesquisa que visou identificar quais os recursos tecnológicos são utilizados pelos órgãos gestores do transporte público, em diversas cidades do Brasil, e que pudessem se traduzir em melhorias da qualidade do sistema, completaram o trabalho. O resultado da pesquisa indicou que, embora exista uma gama de tecnologias disponíveis, a utilização desse potencial é muito pequeno, e pouco contribuem para a melhoria da qualidade do transporte público.

Les véhicules dits intelligents actuellement développés par la plupart des constructeurs automobiles, ainsi que les véhicules autonomes nécessitent des informations sur le contexte dans lequel ils évoluent. Certaines de ces informations (par exemple la courbure de la route, la forme des intersections, les limitations de vitesses) sont fournies en temps réel par le système de navigation qui exploite les données de cartes routières numériques. Des défauts résultant de l’évolution du réseau routier ou d’imprécisions lors de la collecte de données peuvent être contenus dans ces cartes numériques et entraîner le dysfonctionnement des systèmes d’aide à la conduite. Les recherches menées dans cette thèse visent à rendre le véhicule capable d’évaluer, de manière autonome et en temps réel, l’intégrité des informations fournies par son système de navigation. Les véhicules de série sont désormais équipés d’un grand nombre de capteurs qui transmettent leurs mesures sur le réseau central interne du véhicule. Ces données sont donc facilement accessibles mais de faible précision. Le défi de cette thèse réside donc dans l’évaluation de l’intégrité des informations cartographiques malgré un faible degré de redondance et l’absence de données fiables. On s’adresse à deux types de défauts cartographiques : les défauts structurels et les défauts géométriques. Les défauts structurels concernent les connections entre les routes (intersections). Un cas particulier de défaut structurel est traité : la détection de ronds-points qui n’apparaissent pas dans la carte numérique. Ce défaut est essentiel car il est fréquent (surtout en Europe) et perturbe le fonctionnement des aides à la conduite. Les ronds-points sont détectés à partir de la forme typique de la trajectoire du véhicule lorsqu’il les traverse, puis sont mémorisés pour avertir les aides à la conduite aux prochains passages du véhicule sur la zone. Les imprécisions de représentation du tracé des routes dans la carte numérique sont quant à elles désignées comme défauts géométriques. Un formalisme mathématique est développé pour détecter ces défauts en comparant l’estimation de la position du véhicule d’après la carte à une autre estimation indépendante de la carte. Cette seconde estimation pouvant elle aussi être affectée par un défaut, les anciens trajetsdu véhicule sur la même zone sont utilisés. Un test statistique est finalement utilisé pour améliorer la méthode de détection de défauts géométriques dans des conditions de mesures bruitées. Toutes les méthodes développées dans le cadre de cette thèse sont évaluées à l’aide de données réelles. / Several Intelligent Vehicles capabilities from Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) to Autonomous Driving functions depend on a priori information provided by navigation maps. Whilst these were intended for driver guidance as they store road network information, today they are even used in applications that control vehicle motion. In general, the vehicle position is projected onto the map to relate with links in the stored road network. However, maps might contain faults, leading to navigation and situation understanding errors. Therefore, the integrity of the map-matched estimates must be monitored to avoid failures that can lead to hazardous situations. The main focus of this research is the real-time autonomous evaluation of faults in navigation maps used in intelligent vehicles. Current passenger vehicles are equipped with proprioceptive sensors that allow estimating accurately the vehicle state over short periods of time rather than long trajectories. They include receiver for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and are also increasingly equipped with exteroceptive sensors like radar or smart camera systems. The challenge resides on evaluating the integrity of the navigation maps using vehicle on board sensors. Two types of map faults are considered: Structural Faults, addressing connectivity (e.g., intersections). Geometric Faults, addressing geographic location and road geometry (i.e. shape). Initially, a particular structural navigation map fault is addressed: the detection of roundabouts absent in the navigation map. This structural fault is problematic for ADAS and Autonomous Driving. The roundabouts are detected by classifying the shape of the vehicle trajectory. This is stored for use in ADAS and Autonomous Driving functions on future vehicle trips on the same area. Next, the geometry of the map is addressed. The main difficulties to do the autonomous integrity monitoring are the lack of reliable information and the low level of redundancy. This thesis introduces a mathematical framework based on the use of repeated vehicle trips to assess the integrity of map information. A sequential test is then developed to make it robust to noisy sensor data. The mathematical framework is demonstrated theoretically including the derivation of definitions and associated properties. Experiments using data acquired in real traffic conditions illustrate the performance of the proposed approaches.