nÃo hà / The electric vehicle is increasingly present in our cities every day, and in the technological context it has shown great progress. Two essential elements to the success of these vehicles are the electric energy storage devices and electronic converters for processing and management of this energy. In this context, this dissertation presents a study on the current situation of the electric vehicle on the world scenario and its embedded technologies. Another object of research are supercapacitors for application in electric vehicles as an energy storage source and fast energy transfer. Thus, these studies provide the basis for achieving the main objective of this work: developing a bidirectional dc-dc converter for managing the energy flow provided by a supercapacitor module applied in an electric vehicle. A 2 kW laboratory a prototype with two phase interleaved dc-dc bidirectional topology has been implemented. Also, all used methodology is exposed, such as qualitative analysis, dimensioning of components, modeling and design of PI type controllers for the proposed converter. The digital implementation of the control circuit was designed using the dsPIC30f4011 by Microchip. Through simulation and experimental tests, it was evaluated the behavior of the converter and a performance comparison was held, with the converter showing efficiency above 90%. Thus, through theoretical and practical results it was possible to evaluate the performance of the converter and future studies involving the complete structure of a model of a small electric vehicle. / O veÃculo elÃtrico està cada vez mais presente em nossas cidades, e no Ãmbito tecnolÃgico ele vem apresentando grandes avanÃos. Dois elementos essenciais para o sucesso desses veÃculos sÃo os dispositivos de armazenamento de energia elÃtrica e os conversores eletrÃnicos para processamento e gerenciamento dessa energia. Nesse contexto, esta dissertaÃÃo apresenta um estudo sobre a atual situaÃÃo do veÃculo elÃtrico no cenÃrio mundial e suas tecnologias embarcadas. Outro objeto de pesquisa sÃo os supercapacitores para aplicaÃÃo em veÃculos elÃtricos como fonte de armazenamento e transferÃncia rÃpida de energia. Neste contexto o presente trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de um conversor cc-cc bidirecional para gerenciamento do fluxo de energia em um mÃdulo de supercapacitores para utilizaÃÃo em um veÃculo elÃtrico. à projetado e desenvolvido em laboratÃrio um protÃtipo com potÃncia de 2 kW, cuja topologia adotada à um conversor cc-cc bidirecional intercalado de duas fases. Deste modo, à exposta toda metodologia empregada onde à abordada a anÃlise qualitativa, o dimensionamento dos componentes, a modelagem e o projeto dos controladores tipo PI para o conversor proposto. Para a implementaÃÃo digital do circuito de controle foi utilizado o dsPIC30f4011 da Microchip. Por meio de simulaÃÃo e dos ensaios experimentais avaliou-se o comportamento do conversor e realizou-se uma comparaÃÃo de desempenho, tendo o conversor apresentado rendimento acima de 90%. Assim, pelos resultados teÃricos e prÃticos foi possÃvel avaliar o desempenho do conversor e creditar a continuidade de sua aplicaÃÃo a trabalhos futuros envolvendo a estruturaÃÃo completa de um modelo de veÃculo elÃtrico de pequeno porte.

Photovoltaic panels are widely used to harvest solar energy. In the general application the panels are connected to an inverter that allows the power to be feed to the grid. The possibility to emulate a photovoltaic panel in a laboratory environment simplifies the development of inverters. Existing solutions are either expensive or not performing good enough. This thesis presents a real-time model that has fast enough transient response to be used with the future’s solar panel inverters. The solution is based on an interleaved synchronous buck converter with an analogue current control loop. A micro-controller is utilizing a look up table to steer the power stage to mimic the output of a real panel. The content of the look up table can be exchanged to emulate an arbitrary photovoltaic panel in different environmental conditions. The emulator output is stable in the load case with a typical inverter connected to it. It is oscillating with a limited amplitude under open circuit. A hardware implementation of the system confirms the functionality. The current controller can correct a load step in 20 μs. The output switching ripple is below 1 mA. / Fotovoltaiska paneler är ett väl etablerat sätt att ta tillvara på solenergi. Den vanligaste tillämpningen är att panelerna är anslutna till en växelriktare för att möjliggöra att energin matas ut på elnätet. Att kunna emulera en solcellspanel i laboratoriemiljö förenklar utvecklingen av växelriktare. Befintliga system är antingen dyra eller presterar inte bra nog. Denna avhandling presenterar en realtidsmodell som kan hantera transienta förlopp tillräckligt snabbt för att kunna användas med framtidens solpanelsväxelriktare. Lösningen är baserad på en tvåfas synkron buck-omvandlare med en analog strömreglering. En mikroprocessor använder uppslagstabell för att styra effektsteget till att efterlikna utsignalen från en verklig panel. Innehållet i uppslagstabellen kan bytas ut för att emulera en godtycklig solpanel i olika driftsförhållanden. Emulatorns utsignal är stabil med en typisk växelriktare ansluten som last. Utsignalen svänger med en begränsad amplitud under öppen krets. Experimentiella tester bekräftar funktionen. Strömregleringen kan korrigera ett belastningssteg inom 20 μs. Utgångens strömrippel är under 1 mA.

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