En la actualidad, la industria del transporte es la encargada de satisfacer las necesidades logísticas del mundo. Los combustibles fósiles continúan siendo la principal fuente de energía de esta industria, y el motor Diésel, una de las tecnologías principales en la transformación de la energía química de estos combustibles en energía mecánica a través del proceso de combustión. Asociado a este proceso de transformación de la energía, un conjunto de efectos indeseados como las emisiones contaminantes o los gases de efecto invernadero han hecho movilizar a la comunidad científica. Dicha comunidad, ha realizado importantes esfuerzos en la investigación de soluciones limpias y eficientes que ayuden a minimizar los efectos indeseados del uso del motor Diésel. Sumado a los esfuerzos en la investigación, diferentes organizaciones gubernamentales han generado normativas que regulan estas emisiones contaminantes y la industria del motor ha reaccionado integrando soluciones tecnológicas que han hecho evolucionar la configuración original del motor Diésel. Debido a razones principalmente geopolíticas, el desarrollo económico a nivel mundial no se ha dado de manera homogénea, y en la actualidad, existe una disparidad global en cuanto a las exigencias en normativa de emisiones y la implementación de tecnologías para su control, siendo estas afectadas principalmente por sus costos. Es en este contexto donde se enmarca esta tesis doctoral, cuyo objetivo principal es el estudio de diferentes estrategias de inyección y de renovación de la carga como herramienta de control de emisiones en motores de encendido por compresión, teniendo en cuenta el costo de su integración. Se busca poder definir los límites de estas estrategias de bajo costo, determinando así su potencial real en la futura normativa de los mercados emergentes. Para abordar dicho objetivo, la tesis se ha desarrollado en tres etapas. En la primera, se ha realizado una aproximación teórico-experimental a las estrategias de inyección mediante modelado 3D-CFD y ensayos paramétricos en motor que permiten establecer como los parámetros de inyección responden al objetivo planteado. En la segunda etapa, se han estudiado las estrategias de renovación de la carga. Primero desde el modelado 1D para luego su posterior evaluación mediante su ensayo experimental en motor definiendo de esta manera las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada estrategia. En la tercera y última etapa, se han combinado todas las estrategias previamente estudiadas desde una aproximación experimental. De esta manera se puede alcanzar el objetivo de la tesis doctoral donde se ha comprobado la viabilidad de estas estrategias de bajo costo y se ha determinado su verdadero potencial como herramientas de control de las emisiones contaminantes. / En l'actualitat, la indústria del transport és l'encarregada de satisfer les necessitats logístiques del món. Els combustibles fòssils continuen sent la principal font d'energia d'aquesta indústria, i el motor Diésel, una de les tecnologies principals en la transformació de l'energia química d'aquests combustibles en energia mecànica a través del procés de combustió. Associat a aquest procés de transformació de l'energia, un conjunt d'efectes indesitjats com les emissions contaminants o els gasos d'efecte hivernacle han fet mobilitzar a la comunitat científica. Aquesta comunitat, ha realitzat importants esforços en la recerca de solucions netes i eficients que ajuden a minimitzar els efectes indesitjats de l'ús del motor Diésel. Sumat als esforços en la recerca, diferents organitzacions governamentals han generat normatives que regulen aquestes emissions contaminants i la indústria del motor ha reaccionat integrant solucions tecnològiques que han fet evolucionar la configuració original del motor Diésel. A causa de raons principalment geopolítiques, el desenvolupament econòmic a nivell mundial no s'ha donat de manera homogènia, i en l'actualitat, existeix una disparitat global quant a les exigències en normativa d'emissions i la implementació de tecnologies per al seu control, sent aquestes afectades principalment pels seus costos. És en aquest context on s'emmarca aquesta tesi doctoral, que el seu objectiu principal és l'estudi de diferents estratègies d'injecció i de renovació de la càrrega com a eina de control d'emissions en motors d'encès per compressió, tenint en compte el cost de la seua integració. Se cerca poder definir els límits d'aquestes estratègies de baix cost, determinant així el seu potencial real en la futura normativa dels mercats emergents. Per a abordar dita objectiva, la tesi s'ha desenvolupat en tres etapes. En la primera, s'ha realitzat una aproximació teòric-experimental a les estratègies d'injecció mitjançant modelatge 3D-CFD i assajos paramètrics en motor que permeten establir com els paràmetres d'injecció responen a l'objectiu plantejat. En la segona etapa, s'han estudiat les estratègies de renovació de la càrrega. Primer des del modelatge 1D per a després la seua posterior avaluació mitjançant el seu assaig experimental en motor definint d'aquesta manera els avantatges i inconvenients de cada estratègia. En la tercera i última etapa, s'han combinat totes les estratègies prèviament estudiades des d'una aproximació experimental. D'aquesta manera es pot aconseguir l'objectiu de la tesi doctoral on s'ha comprovat la viabilitat d'aquestes estratègies de baix cost i s'ha determinat el seu vertader potencial com a eines de control de les emissions contaminants. / Nowadays, the transport industry is responsible for accomplish the world's logistics requirements. Fossil fuels continue to be the main source of energy for this industry, and the Diesel engine, one of the main technologies in the transformation of the chemical energy of these fuels into mechanical energy through combustion. Associated with this process of energy transformation, a set of undesired effects such as pollutant emissions or greenhouse gases have challenged the scientific community that has made significant research efforts aiming clean and efficient solutions. Added to the scientific community efforts, different governmental organizations have created regulations in order to control these pollutant emissions and the engine industry has reacted by integrating technological solutions that have evolved the original configuration of the Diesel engine. Due mainly to geopolitical reasons, economic development worldwide has not occurred in a homogeneous manner, and currently, there is a global disparity regarding the requirements in emission regulations and the implementation of technologies for their control, mainly driven by their costs. It is in this framework where is set this doctoral thesis, with the main objective to study different injection and air management strategies as a tool for emission control in compression ignition engines, taking into account the cost of their integration. The aim is to be able to define the limits of these low-cost strategies, thus determining their real potential in the future regulations of emerging markets. To address this objective, the thesis has been developed in three stages. In the first one, a theoretical-experimental approach to the injection strategies has been carried out using 3D-CFD modeling and parametric engine tests which allow us to establish how the injection parameters help to reach the depicted thesis objective. In the second stage, the air management strategies have been studied. First, from the 1D modeling point of view in order to select the best option for this platform, and later to proceed with the experimental validation of this selection. Through the described approach is possible defining the advantages and disadvantages of each air management strategy. In the third and final stage, all previously studied strategies have been combined from an experimental approach. In this way, the evaluation of these cost-effective strategies has been defined and the fully potential as a tool for emissions control has been determined thus the objective of the doctoral thesis could be achieved. / Estepa Ruiz, D. (2018). Study of different fuel injection and air management strategies as a tool for emissions control in a compression ignition engine (Diesel engine) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113076

In an effort to reduce harmful pollutants emitted by medium and heavy duty diesel engines, stringent emission regulations have been imposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Effective aftertreatment thermal management is critical for controlling tail pipe outlevels of NOx and soot, while improved fuel efficiency is also necessary to meet greenhouse gas emissions standards and customer expectations. Engine manufacturers have developed and implemented several engine and non-engine based techniques for emission reduction, a few examples being: exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), use of delayed in-cylinder injections, exhaust throttling, electric heaters and hydrocarbon dosers. This work elaborates the use of variable valve actuation strategies for improved aftertreatment system (ATS) thermal management of a modern medium-duty diesel engine while presenting opportunities for simplification of engine air handling architecture.<div><br></div><div>Experimental results at curb idle demonstrate that exhaust valve profile modulation enables effective ATS warm-up without requiring exhaust manifold pressure (EMP) control. Early exhaust valve opening with internal exhaust gas recirculation (EEVO+iEGR) resulted in 8% lower fuel consumption and reduction in engine out emissions. Late exhaust valve opening with internal EGR in the absence of EMP control was able to reach exhaust temperature of 287^◦C, without a penalty in fuel consumption or emissions compared to conventional thermal management. LEVO combined with EMP control could reach turbine outlet temperature of nearly 460^◦C at curb idle.<br></div><div><br></div><div>LEVO was studied at higher speeds and loads to assess thermal management benefits of LEVO in the absence of EMP control, with an observation that LEVO can maintain desirable thermal management performance up to certain speed/load conditions, and reduction in exhaust flow rate is observed at higher loads due to the inability of LEVO to compensate for loss of boost associated with absence of EMP control.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Cylinder deactivation (CDA) combined with additional valvetrain flexibility results in low emission, fuel-efficient solutions to maintain temperatures of a warmed-up ATS. Late intake valve closing, internal EGR and early exhaust valve opening were studied with both three cylinder and two cylinder operation. Some of these strategies showed additional benefits such as ability to use earlier injections, elimination of external EGR and operation in the absence of exhaust manifold pressure control. Three cylinder operation with LIVC and iEGR is capable of reaching exhaust temperatures in excess of 230^◦C with atleast 9% lower fuel consumption than three cylinder operation without VVA. Three cylinder operation with early exhaust valve opening resulted in exhaust temperature of nearly 340^◦C, suitable for extended idling operation. Two cylinder operation with and without the use of valve train flexibility also resulted in turbine outlet temperature relevant for extended idling (and low load operation), while reducing fuel consumption by 40% compared to the conventional thermal management strategy.<br></div><div><br></div><div>A study comparing the relative merits of internal EGR via reinduction and negative valve overlap (NVO) is presented in order to assess trade-offs between fuel efficient stay-warm operation and engine out emissions. This study develops an understanding of the optimal valve profiles for achieving reinduction/NVO and presents VVA strategies that are not cylinder deactivation based for fuel efficient stay-warm operation. Internal EGR via reinduction is demonstrated to be a more fuel efficient strategy for ATS stay-warm. An analysis of in-cylinder content shows that NOx emissions are more strongly affected by in-cylinder O2 content than by method of internal EGR.<br></div>