The field of guided projectile research has continually grown over the past several decades. Guided projectiles, typically encompassing bullets, mortars, and artillery shells, incorporate some sort of guidance and control mechanism to generate trajectory alterations. This serves to increase accuracy and decrease collateral damage. Control mechanisms for smart weapons must be able to withstand extreme acceleration loads at launch while remain simple for cost and reliability reasons. One type of control mechanism utilizes controllable internal translating masses (ITM's) that oscillate within the projectile to generate control forces. Several techniques for using internal translating masses for smart weapon flight control purposes are explored here. Specifically, the use of ITM's as direct control mechanisms, as a means to increase control authority, and as a means to protect the smart weapons sensor suite are examined. It is first shown that oscillating a mass orthogonal to the projectile axis of symmetry generates reasonable control force in statically-stable rounds. Trade studies examine the impact of mass size, mass offset from the center of gravity, and reductions in static stability on control authority. Then, the topic of static margin control through mass center modification is explored. This is accomplished by translating a mass in flight along the projectile axis of symmetry. Results show that this system allows for greater control authority and reduced throw-off error at launch. Another study, aimed at examining shock reduction potential at launch rather than static margin alteration, also considers ITM movement along the projectile centerline. In these studies, the ITM is comprised of sensitive electronic sensors, and is configured as a first-order damper during launch. Trade study results show that although the mechanism cannot substantially reduce the magnitude of launch loads, it is successful at dampening harmful structural vibrations typically experienced after muzzle exit. Finally, an active control system is developed for the ITM control mechanism using sliding mode methodology. Example cases and Monte Carlo simulations incorporating model uncertainties and sensor errors show that ITM control of projectiles can substantially reduce dispersion error. Furthermore, the novel sliding mode control law is shown to be highly robust to feedback disturbances. In a final study, combined ITM-canard control of projectiles is explored, concluding that ITM mechanisms can serve as a useful supplement in increasing the efficiency of currently-deployed control mechanisms.