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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Princípio da igualdade no direito internacional público e sua aplicação nas Nações Unidas / Principle of equality in public international law and its aplication at United Nations.

Ribeiro, Jeancezar Ditzz de Souza 14 April 2015 (has links)
A presente tese objetiva analisar o redimensionamento conceitual do Princípio da Igualdade no Direito Internacional Público, assim como a aplicação desse princípio na Organização das Nações Unidas, em especial no órgão judiciário, a Corte Internacional de Justiça, e nas Resoluções da Assembleia Geral da ONU sobre o princípio. A mudança mais relevante da sociedade internacional é a sua expansão horizontal de Estados, que impacta na validade das regras do Direito Internacional. A metodologia da escolha dos casos e das resoluções analisados serão precedidas por um estudo exploratório da doutrina sobre o princípio da igualdade. O novo entendimento sobre o princípio visa garantir uma igualdade material no plano internacional. Admite a possibilidade de buscar a realização da igualdade material com as desigualdades compensatórias ou vantajosas. O tratamento diferenciado ocorre apenas na presença de condições que são desfavoráveis na prática. Num primeiro momento, busca-se articular diversas teorias que explicam o princípio da igualdade na teoria do Direito e no Direito Internacional Público, para, num segundo momento, compreendê-lo a partir de um novo entendimento - uma igualdade solidária e pluralista. / This dissertation aims to analyze the conceptual dimension of the Principle of Equality in Public International Law, as well as its application in the United Nations, particularly in the International Court of Justice, in addition to the UN General Assembly resolutions on thhe principle. The most significant change in international society is its horizontal expansion of States, which impact on the validity of the rules of international law. The methodology for choosing the cases and the analyzed resolutions will be preceded by an exploratory study of the doctrine on the principle of equality. The new understanding of the principle aims to ensure a substantive equality internationally. The principle allows the possibility of seeking the realization of the fulfilment of material equality in counter or advantageous inequality. The differential treatment occurs only in the presence of conditions that are unfavorable in practice. At first, several theories that explain the principle of equality in the theory of law and public international law are articulated in order to develop a new understanding - a plural and a solidarity equality.
2

Fontes do direito internacional: um estudo da jurisprudência sobre crimes contra a humanidade do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia / Sources of international law: a study of the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslav

Valle, Janaina Rodrigues 24 February 2015 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo debater a contribuição e o papel que a jurisprudência do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia desempenhou no processo de produção e desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade e sua influência na formação do conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a), do Estatuto de Roma, que trata do crime contra a humanidade. Para isso, analisa-se como a Corte determinou o costume válido sobre as elementares do crime contra a humanidade nos casos Duko Tadie Draen Erdemovi, julgados antes da conferência de Roma. Em seguida, examina-se a teoria das fontes, mais especificamente, o costume internacional, seu fundamento, seus dois elementos (combinação de prática e opinio iuris), bem como seus sujeitos criadores e veículos de exteriorização, em especial a jurisprudência internacional. Nesse percurso, apontam-se as práticas destoantes do costume e a dificuldade de sua determinação, para então indicar o binômio valor e poder como elementos que influenciam sua manifestação. Depois, procura-se verificar o contexto político e jurídico de criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia, associando-o à proteção do valor paz mundial e às alterações das estruturas de poder da ordem internacional. Então, faz-se uma avaliação da contribuição dos julgados analisados como veículos para exteriorização do costume ou de seus elementos. Por fim, com a análise da coincidência de resultados no que tange à estrutura de algumas das elementares decididas pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia e o conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a) do Estatuto de Roma, pode-se concluir que a jurisprudência estudada veiculou parte da opinio iuris do direito costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade, contribuindo, assim, com o desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal sobre o tema. / This work aims to discuss the contribution and the role that the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia played in the production and development of international criminal customary law on crimes against humanity and its influence in shaping the article 7o(1),(2)(a), of the Rome Statute, about crime against humanity. In order to accomplish this task, it analyses how the Court defined valid custom on the chapeau elements of crime against humanity in the Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases. Next, it considers the theory of sources, more specifically, international custom, its basis, its two elements (combination of state practice and opinion juris), as well as its subjects and forms of externalization, including international decisions. About this, it points out the dissonant ways custom emerges and the difficulty of its determination, then indicating values and power as elements that influence its manifestation. After, it analyses the political and juridical contexts in which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was established, relating it with the protection of world peace, as a value, and the changes in the power structures of international order. Then, it unpacks the contribution of the above decisions (Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases) as vehicles of externalization of custom or, at least, one of its elements. Finally, with the analyse of the coincidence between the chapeau elements of crimes against humanity as decided by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the current normative content of article 7o(1),(2)(a),of the Rome Statute, it can be concluded that the jurisprudence studied ran part of the opinion jurisabout crimes against humanity as an element of custom, thus, contributing to the development of international criminal law on that issue.
3

Fontes do direito internacional: um estudo da jurisprudência sobre crimes contra a humanidade do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia / Sources of international law: a study of the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslav

Janaina Rodrigues Valle 24 February 2015 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo debater a contribuição e o papel que a jurisprudência do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia desempenhou no processo de produção e desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade e sua influência na formação do conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a), do Estatuto de Roma, que trata do crime contra a humanidade. Para isso, analisa-se como a Corte determinou o costume válido sobre as elementares do crime contra a humanidade nos casos Duko Tadie Draen Erdemovi, julgados antes da conferência de Roma. Em seguida, examina-se a teoria das fontes, mais especificamente, o costume internacional, seu fundamento, seus dois elementos (combinação de prática e opinio iuris), bem como seus sujeitos criadores e veículos de exteriorização, em especial a jurisprudência internacional. Nesse percurso, apontam-se as práticas destoantes do costume e a dificuldade de sua determinação, para então indicar o binômio valor e poder como elementos que influenciam sua manifestação. Depois, procura-se verificar o contexto político e jurídico de criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia, associando-o à proteção do valor paz mundial e às alterações das estruturas de poder da ordem internacional. Então, faz-se uma avaliação da contribuição dos julgados analisados como veículos para exteriorização do costume ou de seus elementos. Por fim, com a análise da coincidência de resultados no que tange à estrutura de algumas das elementares decididas pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia e o conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a) do Estatuto de Roma, pode-se concluir que a jurisprudência estudada veiculou parte da opinio iuris do direito costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade, contribuindo, assim, com o desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal sobre o tema. / This work aims to discuss the contribution and the role that the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia played in the production and development of international criminal customary law on crimes against humanity and its influence in shaping the article 7o(1),(2)(a), of the Rome Statute, about crime against humanity. In order to accomplish this task, it analyses how the Court defined valid custom on the chapeau elements of crime against humanity in the Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases. Next, it considers the theory of sources, more specifically, international custom, its basis, its two elements (combination of state practice and opinion juris), as well as its subjects and forms of externalization, including international decisions. About this, it points out the dissonant ways custom emerges and the difficulty of its determination, then indicating values and power as elements that influence its manifestation. After, it analyses the political and juridical contexts in which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was established, relating it with the protection of world peace, as a value, and the changes in the power structures of international order. Then, it unpacks the contribution of the above decisions (Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases) as vehicles of externalization of custom or, at least, one of its elements. Finally, with the analyse of the coincidence between the chapeau elements of crimes against humanity as decided by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the current normative content of article 7o(1),(2)(a),of the Rome Statute, it can be concluded that the jurisprudence studied ran part of the opinion jurisabout crimes against humanity as an element of custom, thus, contributing to the development of international criminal law on that issue.
4

L'antagonisme "commerce et environnement" ou Le principe de développement durable comme fil conducteur pour la réconciliation des intérêts commerciaux et environnementaux sous l'article XX du GATT / Principe de développement durable comme fil conducteur pour la réconciliation des intérêts commerciaux et environnementaux sous l'article XX du GATT

Bartenstein, Kristin 12 April 2018 (has links)
Depuis les années 70, le problème de l'antagonisme des intérêts environnementaux et commerciaux se pose avec acuité. Les règles du commerce international élaboré au sein du système commercial multilatéral (GATT, puis OMC) suivent la logique de l'abolition des obstacles au commerce alors que les mesures prises par les États de façon unilatérale pour des raisons de protection de l'environnement se servent du levier commercial en érigeant des obstacles au commerce pour atteindre leurs fins. Portés devant les organes du système commercial multilatéral appelés à régler les différends, les conflits entre les règles du commerce international et les mesures commerciales poursuivant un but environnemental ont presque toujours été résolus au profit des intérêts commerciaux, engendrant une jurisprudence qui laisse peu de chances aux mesures environnementales d'être jugées justifiées. Le potentiel de conflit des deux intérêts aux antipodes est en effet conjugué de la compétence juridictionnelle des organes du système commercial multilatéral, naturellement plus sympathiques aux intérêts commerciaux. Or, depuis la fin des années 80 et au plus tard depuis le début des années 90, le concept du développement durable, ralliant les acteurs de tous les niveaux et de toute provenance, prêche la nécessité d'atteindre un développement qui ne compromet pas sa propre pérennité. Il s'impose comme métaprincipe au droit de l'OMC, cette dernière éprouve toutefois des problèmes majeurs dans sa mise en pratique et perpétue, malgré les progrès, une jurisprudence qui traduit la réticence à concéder à l'environnement la place qui lui revient conformément au concept du développement durable. En effet, la jurisprudence relative à l'article XX du GATT qui permet théoriquement d'opérer l'équilibre préconisé par l'idée du développement durable doit être recentrée pour pouvoir jouer ce rôle harmonisant en pratique. Il s'agit donc d'expliquer les raisons de cette réticence et de montrer quelles en sont les conséquences pour la jurisprudence et surtout de développer des remèdes au déséquilibre jurisprudentiel afin que les mesures étatiques ayant un but environnemental reçoivent un traitement juste et conforme à l'idée du développement durable. Pour ce faire, tant l'analyse des problèmes que les propositions de solution seront guidées par le principe de développement durable. / Since the 1970ies, the antagonism of environmental and trading interests raises problems. The rules of international trade follow the logic of abolition of trade barriers whereas measures taken unilaterally by states and justified with the necessity of protecting the environment, use the leverage of trade in establishing trade barriers to achieve their goals. Once submitted to the tribunals of the multilateral trading system, former GATT and nowadays WTO, competent to settle disputes, the conflicts between rules of international trade and measures pursuing an environmental goal have mostly been solved in favour of trading interests, developing a legal practice which gives little chance to environmental state measures to be considered justified. In fact, the potential of conflict between these two diametrically opposed interests is amplified by the jurisdiction of the multilateral trading System tribunals for settling theses conflicts, because they have naturally more affinity with trading interests. However, since the end of the 1980ies and the beginning of the 1990ies, the concept of sustainable development, consented by decision-makers of ail levels and ail backgrounds, preaches the necessity of attaining a development which doesn't compromise its own future. Although this concept is imposing to the WTO, where it proves to have quality of a meta-principle, WTO has great problems in practical implementation of the concept and continues, despite some progress, a legal practice that shows the hesitation in conceding to the environment the place that would be consistent with the concept of sustainable development. Indeed, GATT article XX would theoretically allow to establish the balance advocated by the sustainable development idea, but its interpretation has to be reviewed in order to let it play this harmonizing role in practice. Therefore we deem it necessary to explain the very reasons of this hesitation and to show which are the consequences for the legal practice and, particularly, to develop remedies to this jurisprudential imbalance so that environmental state measures receive a treatment which is just and consistent with the idea of sustainable development. That is why our analysis, as well as solutions we propose, is guided by the principle of sustainable development.

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