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Die Rechtsstellung der Bank für Internationalen Zahlungsausgleich insbesondere im Völkerrecht /Beitzke, Günther, January 1932 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Christian-Albrecht-Universität zu Kiel.
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The Bank for International Settlements.Pugsley, William H. January 1950 (has links)
No description available.
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Why are electronic payments preferred? : evidence from international data /Hong, Ki Young, January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-164). Also available on the Internet.
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Why are electronic payments preferred? evidence from international data /Hong, Ki Young, January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-164). Also available on the Internet.
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The impact of BIS credit risk regulations on international banks and real estate markets in JapanPaul, Jean Michel. January 1999 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D. in Business Administration)--University of California, Berkeley, May 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-73).
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Tratamento cont??bil dos projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo - MDL no Brasil : um estudo explorat??rioBito, Nelson Satio 14 August 2006 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2006-08-14 / The aim of this research was to identify and evaluate the accounting treatment of Brazilian companies that are developing Clean Development Mechanisms - CDM in Brazil applied over the Carbon Emission Credits. Such credits result from the CDM project activities, through emission reduction, avoided emissions and Greenhouse Gases removal, and they represent a right of the company, that shall be sold to companies located in developed countries that took part in the Kyoto Protocol (list din the first enclosure of the Protocol) or countries that took part in the Chicago Climate Exchange - CCX. This is a recent subject, and this research is a first step in the discussions concerning such a theme. Moreover, it was not an objective to find a model or an accounting pattern for the Carbon Emission Credits. This is an exploratory research, and it had the aim of identifying the ways of the accounting treatment of the Carbon Emission Credits rights. Its pattern was the Accounting objective of providing its different types of users with a set of information concerning the entity equity and financial situation. There have been used the bibliographical, documental and field research techniques through questionnaires, sent to companies that have registered projects or that are still registering them in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Chance - UNFCCC. It has been discovered that there are different opinions about the accounting treatment that can be applied over the Carbon Emission Credits, and that it is necessary a regulatory action through any accounting organ or the government, because of the taxes matter. It has been identified the necessity of some new research on the subject when the discussions were more developed among the companies, together with the possibility of making a case study to present all the steps of a project to generate Carbon Emission Credits and, consequently, its accounting treatment. / Este trabalho procurou identificar e avaliar o tratamento cont??bil que as empresas brasileiras que est??o desenvolvendo projetos de MDL - Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo - no Brasil t??m aplicado ao Cr??dito de Carbono. Os Cr??ditos de Carbono resultam de atividades de projetos de MDL, na forma de redu????es de emiss??es, emiss??es evitadas ou remo????o de gases de efeito estufa, e representam um direito da empresa, que dever?? ser vendido para empresas sediadas em pa??ses desenvolvidos que aderiram ao Protocolo de Quioto, listados no Anexo I do Protocolo, ou que aderiram ao CCX - - Chicago Climate Exchange. O assunto ?? recente, e esta pesquisa sobre a quest??o cont??bil ?? um passo inicial nas discuss??es sobre o assunto, e n??o se buscou um modelo ou padr??o cont??bil para o Cr??dito de Carbono. A pesquisa ?? explorat??ria, e procurou identificar as formas de tratamento cont??bil dos direitos do Cr??dito de Carbono, tendo como par??metro o objetivo da Contabilidade em fornecer aos seus diferentes tipos de usu??rios um conjunto de informa????es sobre a situa????o patrimonial e financeira da entidade. Foram usadas as t??cnicas de pesquisa bibliogr??fica, documental e de campo por meio de question??rios enviados a empresas com projetos registrados ou em fase de registro na UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Constatou-se que h?? opini??es distintas sobre o tratamento cont??bil aplic??vel ao Cr??dito de Carbono, e que ?? necess??ria uma a????o de regulamenta????o por algum ??rg??o cont??bil ou pelo governo, em raz??o das quest??es tribut??rias. Identificou-se a necessidade de novas pesquisas sobre o tema quando as discuss??es sobre a quest??o cont??bil estiverem mais maduras entre as empresas, e a possibilidade de efetuar um estudo de caso para apresentar todas as fases de um projeto gerador de Cr??ditos de Carbono, e seu conseq??ente tratamento cont??bil.
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Globalisation : the implications for and challenges to the payments systems in South AfricaDe Bruyn, Johan Hendrik 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Payment systems can be defined as a funds transfer system processing third
party payments, supervised by a central bank or appropriate Regulatory
Authority. (S.W.I.F.T., 1997). Therefore the importance of a well managed
system, through regulatory methods, as well as self-regulation by the industry,
cannot be over emphasized. According to Humphrey, (1996: 923), the
composition of non-cash transactions consists of the following five payment
instruments. The paper-based transactions are composed of cheques and paperbased
giros payments. The electronic transactions consist of electronic giro, debit
card (POS), and credit card payments. According to Vives, (1998: 168) there are
normally two goals when a country wants to change its payment system, either it
wants to increase efficiency, or it wants to reduce risk. If there is a conflict
between risk and efficiency, the less risky solution must prevail.
Credit risk and systemic risk poses the greatest challenges to payment systems.
Credit risk exists when credit was granted to a participating member, which
cannot fulfil its debt at the stage of payment need to be made. Systematic risks
encompass situations in which the credit or liquidity problems for one or more
market participants create substantial credit or liquidity problems for participants
elsewhere in the financial system. (Emmons, 1997: 11).
In order to create international standards in addressing the risk issues involved
the Bank of International Settlements was established. The Bank's predominant
tasks are to promote the co-operation of central banks and to provide additional
facilities for international financial operations, and to create and maintain stability
of international monetary and financial systems. The Bank of International
Settlements published the Lamfallussy report. From the findings of this report a
series of policy recommendations regarding netting schemes. The Basle
Committee was established by the Central Bank Governors of the Group of Ten
countries as a result of serious failures and disturbances in the international
currency and banking markets, with the main objective to improve the collaboration between bank supervisors world wide. The objective is met by using
three different methods, namely. Exchange information on national supervisory
arrangements, improving the effectiveness of techniques for supervising, and the
setting of minimum supervisory guidelines and recommendations and
recommended statements of best practices, expecting authorities to take steps to
implement in their respective countries.
To enable secure international payments the Society for Worldwide Inter-bank
Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) was created, with the mission to provide
technology-based communication services across all financial markets through
member banks and their market infrastructures so that they can meet their own
and their end-customers' needs.
There is a growing awareness among central banks of the need to ensure the
integrity, the security and the stability of their country's payment system. The
central bank's main function was to regulate the country's currency circulation, to
facilitate' payment transactions and to pursue a credit and monetary policy
serving the interest of the country as a whole. Because of their importance for the
smooth operation of commerce of financial markets, central banks often own
and/or operate large value payment networks themselves rather than leave this
function solely to commercial banks. (Sato et a/., 1995: 37).
Commercial banks, or their agents, perform the vast majority of the clearing and
processing of payment in developed countries, as well as providing the payment
facilities to clients. The United States central bank is the main exception to this
division of responsibility as it provides settlement service as well as check
processing and over one-half of all Automatic Clearing Houses and wire
processing services. (Sato et a/., 1995: 32).
The re-entry of South Africa in the global trade in the early 1990s created new
opportunities and challenges for the country. With the existing established
payment system, South Africa provides a gateway to the Southern African countries. There are a number of fundamental changes in the financial markets,
which have an impact on payment and settlement systems. The first important
factor is the high speed of technological progress. Secondly, the fundamental
change in financial markets concerns the internationalisation of financial flows.
From a central bank point of view, these developments, although in principle to
be welcomed because of their contribution to the effect of allocation of financial
resources, require close attention, as the interrelationships between worldwide
financial markets could also give rise to a propagation of risks. (Koning, 1998:
19).
South Africa's payments system, as a well-functioning system, compares
favourably with the best in the world; this is an essential requirement for
participation in the international finance and trading. The challenge the South
African banks face is the social responsibility to uplift the community on the one
side, and compliance with the international rules and legislation on the other. In
accordance to the minimum requirements set by the Lamfallussy report. The
Reserve Bank of South Africa enforced strong policies via the Banking Council of
South Africa, as well as the different committees and associations dedicated to
certain payment systems. The South African Reserve Bank intent to provide an
Electronic Communications and Transactions Bill in order to promote and
regulate electronic communication and transactions. The Banking Council set
certain criteria that will be implemented from the first of January 2002 on the item
limits applicable to the certain electronic methods of payment. Councils and
associations in the banking sector are established, self-regulatory as well as
government controlled, to enforce rules and regulations to reduce the risk
involved in the industry and comply with international requirements. A strong
legal framework and the enforcement of certain risk prevention methods, for
instance the enforcement of item limits and the change in the law on the crossing
of cheques prove the commitment to participate internationally. The strong
movement to same day settlement, (especially in high value payments via the
SAMOS system), show that the payment industry in South Africa is on an ongoing process of implementing new procedures to comply with the
international standards.
Electronic money can be defined as stored value or prepaid products in which a
record of funds or value available to the consumer is stored on a device in the
consumer's possession. (Bank of International Settlements, 2001: 1). Consumers
benefit from the ability to use payment methods that are inexpensive, convenient,
and accessible. (Bank of International Settlements, 1997: 6).
The participation in the payment processes by non-financial entities, coupled with
the design and widespread use of unknown digital form of monetary value poses
serious threats to the central bank's ability to control monetary policy and
safeguard financial stability.
Card based e-money schemes have been combined with functionality's such as
access control, holder identification or local transportation ticketing.
Network-based e-money schemes are operational or under trail in a limited
number of countries. The existing payment system legislation applies to networkbased
schemes.
The South African Reserve Bank needs to constantly monitor and analyse the
existing and new different methods of payment systems in order to create a low
risk, stable, safe and a trade supportive environment for the improvement of its
own economy, as well as for the Southern African region. Specific attention
needs to be given to the high-value payment systems in order to reduce systemic
risk. The prevalent factor is the real time settlement of the SAM OS (South African
Multi Option Settlement) system. Finally, regulators need to coordinate actions,
through the international and local platforms provides, to implant financial
discipline, manage risk and support cross-border and regional trade. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Betaalstelsels kan gedefinieer word as 'n opdragte- of fondsoorplasingstelsel vir
die maak van betalings aan 'n derde party, wat gereguleer word deur 'n sentrale
bank of regering. (SWIFT, 1997). Die belangrikheid van 'n goedgereguleerde
stelsel, deur middel van wetgewing, sowel as selfregulering deur die industrie,
kan nie oorbeklemtoon word nie. Humphry (1996: 923) beskryf die samestelling
van nie-kontant betaalstelsels as die volgende vyf instrumente. Die papier
gebaseerde transaksie wat uit tjeks, papier-gebaseerde "giro' bestaan.
Elektroniese transaksies bestaan uit die elektroniese "giro", debiet- en
kredietkaarte. Volgens Vives (1998: 168) is daar normaalweg twee doelwitte
wanneer verandering aan 'n betaalstelsels aangebring word, naamlik die
verbetering in doeltreffendheid, of die vermindering van risiko, waar die laer risiko
gewoonlik die voorkeur sal kry.
Kredietrisiko en sistemiese risiko hou die grootste uitdagings vir betaalstelsels in.
Kredietrisiko ontstaan waar krediet aan 'n deelnemende lid van 'n stelsel verleen
word en die ander party nie kan presteer op die tydstip van betaling nie.
Sistemiese risko's sluit situasies in waar krediet of likiditeit probleme vir een of
meerdere deelnemers vir ander deelnemers groot krediet of likiditeits probleme
skep in die finansiële stelsel. (Emmons, 1997: 11).
Om risiko's internasionaal aan te spreek is die Bank of International Settlements
gestig. Die organisasie het ten doeI om koördinasie tussen die sentrale banke te
bevorder en stabiliteit te skep in die internasionale monetêre en finansiële
markte. Die Bank of International Settlements het die Lamfallussy verslag
opgestel waarin verskeie beleid aanbevelings aangaande verrekeningstelsels
gemaak word. Die Basle Committee is gestig deur die hoofde van die Groep van
10 lande se sentrale banke weens die mislukking en ontwrigting van
geldeenhede en finansiële markte wêreldwyd, met die doelstelling om
samewerking tussen banke wêreldwyd te bevorder. Dit word bereik deur drie
metodes naamlik, uitruil van inligting wêreldwyd na adviseurs, verbetering in die verskaffing van advies en die daarstel van riglyne en aanbevelings aangaande
die beste praktyke, wat regerings in hul eie lande kan aanwend.
Vir die daarstelling van 'n gestandaardiseerde, veilige intenasionale opdragte en
betalings stelsel is die Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial
Telecommunications (SWIFT) gestig, met die missie om 'n tegnologie
gebasseerde opdrag en kommunikasie stelsel daar te stel wat alle markte deur
middel van lede lande en hul infrastrukture kliënte kan bedien.
Daar is 'n toenemende bewuswording onder sentrale banke om die integriteit en
die sekuriteit van hul eie betaalstelsel te verseker. Die hoof funksie van die
sentrale bank is die regulering van die land se geldeenheid, om betalings
moontlik te maak en die daarstel van krediet- en monetêre beleid vir die steun
van die land se belange as geheel. Weens die belangrikheid in die suksesvolle
werking van die kommersiële markte, besit sentrale banke groot gedeeltes van
die verrekeningstelsels eerder om dit aan kommersiële banke oor te laat. (Sato et
aI., 1995: 37). Elke sentrale bank verskaf verskillende verrekeningsdienste
afhangende van faktore soos die verskillende regsfaktore, sosiale faktore,
politieke faktore, internasionale- en mededingende faktore. Kommersiële banke,
of hul agente, is verantwoordelik vir die oorgrootte van verwerkingsaksies in
ontwikkelende lande, asook die verskaffing van die betalingsmiddele. Die
Verenigde State se sentrale bank is die hoof uitsondering wat self die
verrekeningsdienste lewer, die prosessering van tjeks doen, die
verrekeningshuise besit en verwerking dienste lewer. (Sato et al., 1995: 32).
Suid-Afrika se hertoetrede tot die internasionale finansiële wêreld in die vroeë
jare negentig het geleenthede en uitdagings meegebring. Met 'n bestaande
gevestigde betaalstelsel word Suid-Afrika beskou as die deur na die Suider-
Afrikaanse lande. Verskeie fundamentele veranderinge in die finansiële markte
het 'n impak op die betaal- en verrekeningstelsels. Eerstens die spoed van
tegnologiese vooruitgang; tweedens die verandering van die finansiële markte in
terme van kapitaalvloei. Uit die oogpunt van 'n sentrale bank, verg die toekenning van finansiële hulpbronne, intense aandag, omdat die interverwantskappe van
finansiële markte wêreldwyd risiko's verhoog. (Koning, 1998: 19).
Suid-Afrika beskik oor 'n goed funksionerende betaalstelsel wat vergelyk kan
word met die bestes ter wêreld en is van uiterste belang vir die internasionale
deelname in finansiering en handel. Suid-Afrikaanse banke staan voor die
uitdaging om aan sy sosiale verantwoordelikhede te voldoen om die gemeeskap
op te bou aan die een kant en die vereistes om aan internasionale standaarde te
voldoen, soos deur die Lamfallussy veslag voorgeskryf, aan die ander kant. Die
Reserwe bank van Suid-Afrika dwing beleid af via die Banking Council of South
Africa, asook verskeie kommisies en verenigings wat fokus op die verskeie
betaalstelsels. Die Reserwebank van Suid-Afrika beoog om 'n "Electronic
Communications and Transaction Bill" teen die einde van 2001 te publiseer vir
die regulering van elektroniese kommunikasie en traksaksies. In Wetlike
raamwerk en die afdwing van sekere risiko verminderende metodes, byvoorbeeld
item limiete, wat gedurende Januarie 2002 in werking gestel word en die
wysiging in die kruising van tjeks dui op die drastiese stappe wat aangebring
word om internasionaal mededingend te wees, asook by internasionale riglyne in
te pas. Daadwerklike pogings om selfde dag verrekeninge in die hoë
waardestelsel (SAMOS) te implementeer en te voldoen aan die neergelegde
internasionale standaarde.
Elektroniese geld word gedefinieer as 'n gememoriseerde waarde of
voorafbetaalde produkte waarin rekord van fondse of beskikbare waardes van 'n
kliënt gehou word. (Bank of International Settlements, 2001: 1). Verbruikers kry
die voordeel van maklik toeganklike en goedkoop betalingsmetodes. (Bank of
International Settlements, 1997: 6). Die deelname van nie-finansiële instansies in
die betalingsprosesse, daarmee saam die ontwerp en algemene gebruik van
onbekende digitale vorms van monetêre waardes hou 'n bedreiging in vir die
beheer van die sentrale bank om monetêre beleid af te dwing en finansiële
stabiliteit te verseker. Kaartgebaseerde elektroniese geldskema's word in sekere gevalle is die fasiliteit
gekombineer met funksionaliteit in die vorm van toegangsbeheer, houer
identifikasie, of plaaslike transport kaarte.
Netwerk gebaseerde elektroniese geldskema's is slegs in beperkte aantal lande
operasioneel of onder ontwikkeling en bestaande wetgewing aangaande
betaalstelsels word hoofsaaklik toegepas op die skema's.
Daar word voorgestel dat die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank moet op 'n
voortdurende basis bestaande en nuwe verskillende betaalstelsels moniteer vir
die daarstelling van 'n verlaagde risiko, met 'n stabiele- en veilige omgewing wat
steun verleen aan die land se ekonomie, sowel as die omliggende Suider-
Afrikaanse lande. Verdere pogings moet aangewend word word om hoë-waarde
betaalstelsels (SAMOS) se sistemiese risiko te verminder deur van dieselfde dag
vereffening gebruik te maak. Ter afsluiting moet daar met gekoordineerde aksies,
wat plaaslik en internasionaal bestaan, aangewend word om finansiële dissipline
daar te stel, risko's te bestuur en internasionale handel te bevorder.
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The Euromarket and the making of the transnational network of finance, 1959-1979Kim, Seung Woo January 2018 (has links)
This thesis analyses the role of the Euromarket, an offshore market for Eurodollars or expatriate US dollars, in the re-emergence of global finance during the 1960s and 1970s. It charts not only its Cold War origins and the development of various markets for Eurodollars, but also institutions and policies that shaped them from the return to convertibility in 1958 to the ill-fated efforts to regulate the nascent market by international financial institutions. By examining the nature of Eurodollars as both a US and global currency, the thesis sheds light on the changing features of the governance of global finance and its relationship with the economic sovereignty of nation-states. It argues that the Euromarket underwent repeated contestations as politicians, bankers, and economists vested their political ambitions and cultural assumptions in it. The popular, academic, and policy debates challenged the speculative nature of Eurodollars which would destabilise the domestic as well as the international monetary system of the Bretton Woods system. Without a single monetary authority, the tendency of the Euromarket to transcend the order of capitalist nation-states constrained national governments’ capacity to control capital flows and the autonomy of domestic monetary policy. However, nation-states were not impotent but deliberately sought to exploit the liquid pool of capital in Eurodollars. It was not merely the US government that benefited from the seigniorage of Eurodollars and the City of London which was reborn as the international financial centre in the Euromarket. Continental European countries that were hesitant about European economic integration, the UK Labour government, developing countries in the Global South, and even the Communist bloc, resorted to the Euromarket for their national interests. The ambivalent attitudes of national governments and their conflict of interests resulted in the failure of coordinated efforts to introduce the rules of the game but facilitated the transnational network of finance in Eurodollars.
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Tarptautinių atsiskaitymų rizikos valdymas / The Management of Risk of International SettlementsSimaitienė, Vilma 19 May 2005 (has links)
Research object – Risk of international settlements. The aim of this work is to analyze the process of the management of international settlements risk and foresee the opportunities of risk management in Lithuania. The set tasks for achieving the aim of this research: to introduce the understanding of international settlements risk; to set the kinds of international settlements risk; to set the process of the management of international settlements risk; to set the international settlements risk management means; to set the usage opportunities of these means in Lithuania. There are four kinds of international settlements risk described in this work: political, liquidity, currency rate range and economical risk. There are introduced means of risk management for every kind of risk in this work. There you can also find opportunities of usage of international settlements risk management in Lithuania. Research methods: analysis and synthesis of literature, logical analysis and synthesis, statistics analysis.
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Sterling and the stability of the International Monetary System, 1944-1971Naef, Alain January 2019 (has links)
This dissertation studies the role of sterling during the Bretton Woods period (1944-1971). The Bretton Woods system has often been described as a dollar system with sterling having lost its relevance as reserve currency. However, despite being a secondary reserve currency and having lost importance, sterling was the 'first line of defence for the dollar' as contemporaries put it. They frequently stressed the fact that a sterling crisis would have consequences on the stability of the Bretton Woods system but economic historians have never tested this empirically. This dissertation argues that sterling played an important role in the stability of the international monetary system. Foreign exchange market participants globally monitored sterling and US policymaker stepped in to avoid devaluation of the British currency. US support to sterling was mainly due to the fear of a British devaluation, which could trigger a run on the dollar. When the UK finally devalued the pound in 1967, it marked the beginning of an instable period for the international monetary system. The Gold Pool, a syndicate to defend the US gold parity, collapsed in 1968 and this prefigured the end of the Bretton Woods system. This dissertation presents new data along with novel archival material from seven archives across continents to demonstrate how contagion from sterling to the dollar occurred. Modern econometric methods are used to analyse a new dataset with over 80,000 observations of offshore exchange rates, central bank intervention and reserves. This evidence shows that a secondary reserve currency can still play a key role in the stability of the international monetary system.
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