Objetivos: Analisar a tendência, descrever mudanças no comportamento da doença meningocócica invasiva (DMI) e estimar o impacto da vacina conjugada do meningococo C (VCMC) nas capitais da região Sul do Brasil, no período de 1991 a 2015, assim como, investigar as características sociodemográficas, econômicas e de intervenções tecnológicas associadas aos casos pertencentes a cluster da doença no município de Curitiba (PR), no período de 2001 a 2014. Métodos: As áreas de estudo englobaram as capitais da Região Sul do Brasil: Curitiba (PR), Florianópolis (SC) e Porto Alegre (RS), a população de estudo abrangeu os casos de DMI notificados entre 1991 a 2015 à vigilância da doença e residentes nessas capitais. A definição de caso adotada foi a padronizada pelo Ministério da Saúde. As fontes de dados foram: vigilância da DMI, o Instituto Adolfo Lutz, o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e o Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba. A tendência da incidência e mortalidade da DMI foi determinada pelo modelo de regressão polinomial. A intensidade e a direção da relação linear entre a taxa de incidência e os indicadores socioeconômicos, de saúde e sorogrupo foram analisadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O impacto da VCMC foi estimado pela Fração Prevenida na População, comparando as taxas de incidência de 2012 e 2015 com as de 2009. Investigou-se os potenciais fatores associados a casos pertencentes a cluster no período de 2001 a 2014 por meio das estimativas de odds ratio não ajustada e ajustadas pela regressão logística múltipla não condicional, com os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: No período de estudo, a DMI apresentou três comportamentos distintos nas capitais da região sul: i) epidêmico na década de 1990, ii) declínio das taxas na década de 2000, antes da introdução da VCMC na rotina de imunização e, iii) estacionário com taxas baixas entre 2011 e 2015, sob a influência da VCMC. Observamos nesses períodos a influência de fatores biológicos, socioeconômicos e de saúde na incidência dessas capitais. No estudo mais detalhado em Curitiba, apresentou-se associado aos casos pertencentes a cluster, ajustados no tempo e pela idade, residir em bairros de baixa renda (OR: 2,3, IC95%:1,1-4,5). O sorogrupo predominante foi o B com 65,4%, seguida pelo C com 24,5% e 8,3% pelo W. Possivelmente, em virtude da baixa incidência do sorogrupo C, não se verificou a redução na incidência total da DMI, nestas capitais. Entretanto, no período posterior a VCMC, os casos pelo sorogrupo C foram raros ou zerados na faixa etária destinada a vacinação em Curitiba e Florianópolis. Em Porto Alegre foram registrados casos pelo sorogrupo C na faixa etária vacinada e o sorogrupo W se destacou. Conclusão: A partir do início desse século houve declínio expressivo da incidência da DMI nas capitais da região Sul do país, antes mesmo da introdução da vacina, aproximando-se das taxas de DMI encontradas em países de elevada renda. Tais resultados são consistentes, com trabalhos que mostram uma associação da DMI com as condições de vida e grau de desenvolvimento das populações. / Objectives: To analyze the trend and describe changes in the epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) and to estimate the impact of the meningococcal conjugate C vaccine (MCCV) in the capitals of the southern region of Brazil, from 1991 to 2015, as well as to investigate the sociodemographic, economic and technological interventions associated to the cases belonging in cluster of the disease in the city of Curitiba (PR), from 2001 to 2014. Methods: The study areas included the capitals of the States of Southern Brazil: Curitiba (PR), Florianópolis (SC) and Porto Alegre (RS), the study population considered cases of IMD reported between 1991 and 2015 to surveillance and residents in these capitals. The IMD case definition adopted was that standardized by the Ministry of Health. The data sources were the surveillance of the IMD, the Adolfo Lutz Institute, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Institute of Research and Urban Planning of Curitiba. The trend of IMD incidence and mortality was determined by the polynomial regression model. The intensity and direction of the linear relationship between the incidence rate and socioeconomic indicators, health and serogroup were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The impact of the MCCV was estimated by the Prevented Fraction for the Population comparing the incidence rates of 2012 and 2015 with those of 2009. We investigated the potential factors associated with cases belonging in cluster between 2001 and 2014 by the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio estimates by the multiple unconditional logistic regression, with the respectives confidence intervals of 95%. Results: Between 1991 and 2015, IMD presented three distinct periods in the capitals of the southern region: i) epidemic in the 1990s, ii) decline in rates from 2000 to 2010, before the introduction of MCCV in immunization routine and (iii) stationary at low rates in 2011 to 2015, under the influence of MCCV. In this period, we observed the influence of biological, socioeconomic and health factors on the incidence of these capitals. In more detailed study in Curitiba, it was associated with cases belonging in cluster, adjusted in time and by age, to live in low-income neighborhoods (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). Serogroup B was predominant with 65,4%, followed by C with 24,5% and 8,3% by W. Possibly, due to the low incidence of serogroup C, there was no reduction in the total incidence of IMD in these capitals. However, *in the period after MCCV, serogroup C cases were rare or zero in the age group destinedfor vaccination in Curitiba and Florianópolis. In Porto Alegre, cases were registered by serogroup C in the vaccinated age group and serogroup W was relevant. Conclusion: From the beginning of this century there was a significant decline in the incidence of IMD in the capitals of the southern region of the country, even before the introduction of the vaccine, approaching IMD rates found in high income countries. These results are consistent, with studies showing an association of IMD with living conditions and the degree of population development.

Defining health and economic burden of Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) in Canada is critical to inform Public Health Policy around immunization programs. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to assess available studies, a lack of comprehensive Canadian data to allow evaluation of total economic burden of IMD was identified in Canada. Thus, this dissertation proposes a prospective cost collection methodology tailored to Canadian data and healthcare utilization (HCU). All patient-related HCU is considered and outlined. HCU is then categorized as direct or indirect and relevant direct and indirect healthcare costs are detailed. Intangible costs are described and methodology for capturing these costs using validated quality of life instruments is proposed. As all published economic evaluations of this disease lack prospective collection of data, this study proposes the use of a patient diary to serve as a memory aid during patient cost-collection interviews.

Objetivos: Analisar a tendência, descrever mudanças no comportamento da doença meningocócica invasiva (DMI) e estimar o impacto da vacina conjugada do meningococo C (VCMC) nas capitais da região Sul do Brasil, no período de 1991 a 2015, assim como, investigar as características sociodemográficas, econômicas e de intervenções tecnológicas associadas aos casos pertencentes a cluster da doença no município de Curitiba (PR), no período de 2001 a 2014. Métodos: As áreas de estudo englobaram as capitais da Região Sul do Brasil: Curitiba (PR), Florianópolis (SC) e Porto Alegre (RS), a população de estudo abrangeu os casos de DMI notificados entre 1991 a 2015 à vigilância da doença e residentes nessas capitais. A definição de caso adotada foi a padronizada pelo Ministério da Saúde. As fontes de dados foram: vigilância da DMI, o Instituto Adolfo Lutz, o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e o Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba. A tendência da incidência e mortalidade da DMI foi determinada pelo modelo de regressão polinomial. A intensidade e a direção da relação linear entre a taxa de incidência e os indicadores socioeconômicos, de saúde e sorogrupo foram analisadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O impacto da VCMC foi estimado pela Fração Prevenida na População, comparando as taxas de incidência de 2012 e 2015 com as de 2009. Investigou-se os potenciais fatores associados a casos pertencentes a cluster no período de 2001 a 2014 por meio das estimativas de odds ratio não ajustada e ajustadas pela regressão logística múltipla não condicional, com os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: No período de estudo, a DMI apresentou três comportamentos distintos nas capitais da região sul: i) epidêmico na década de 1990, ii) declínio das taxas na década de 2000, antes da introdução da VCMC na rotina de imunização e, iii) estacionário com taxas baixas entre 2011 e 2015, sob a influência da VCMC. Observamos nesses períodos a influência de fatores biológicos, socioeconômicos e de saúde na incidência dessas capitais. No estudo mais detalhado em Curitiba, apresentou-se associado aos casos pertencentes a cluster, ajustados no tempo e pela idade, residir em bairros de baixa renda (OR: 2,3, IC95%:1,1-4,5). O sorogrupo predominante foi o B com 65,4%, seguida pelo C com 24,5% e 8,3% pelo W. Possivelmente, em virtude da baixa incidência do sorogrupo C, não se verificou a redução na incidência total da DMI, nestas capitais. Entretanto, no período posterior a VCMC, os casos pelo sorogrupo C foram raros ou zerados na faixa etária destinada a vacinação em Curitiba e Florianópolis. Em Porto Alegre foram registrados casos pelo sorogrupo C na faixa etária vacinada e o sorogrupo W se destacou. Conclusão: A partir do início desse século houve declínio expressivo da incidência da DMI nas capitais da região Sul do país, antes mesmo da introdução da vacina, aproximando-se das taxas de DMI encontradas em países de elevada renda. Tais resultados são consistentes, com trabalhos que mostram uma associação da DMI com as condições de vida e grau de desenvolvimento das populações. / Objectives: To analyze the trend and describe changes in the epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) and to estimate the impact of the meningococcal conjugate C vaccine (MCCV) in the capitals of the southern region of Brazil, from 1991 to 2015, as well as to investigate the sociodemographic, economic and technological interventions associated to the cases belonging in cluster of the disease in the city of Curitiba (PR), from 2001 to 2014. Methods: The study areas included the capitals of the States of Southern Brazil: Curitiba (PR), Florianópolis (SC) and Porto Alegre (RS), the study population considered cases of IMD reported between 1991 and 2015 to surveillance and residents in these capitals. The IMD case definition adopted was that standardized by the Ministry of Health. The data sources were the surveillance of the IMD, the Adolfo Lutz Institute, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Institute of Research and Urban Planning of Curitiba. The trend of IMD incidence and mortality was determined by the polynomial regression model. The intensity and direction of the linear relationship between the incidence rate and socioeconomic indicators, health and serogroup were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The impact of the MCCV was estimated by the Prevented Fraction for the Population comparing the incidence rates of 2012 and 2015 with those of 2009. We investigated the potential factors associated with cases belonging in cluster between 2001 and 2014 by the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio estimates by the multiple unconditional logistic regression, with the respectives confidence intervals of 95%. Results: Between 1991 and 2015, IMD presented three distinct periods in the capitals of the southern region: i) epidemic in the 1990s, ii) decline in rates from 2000 to 2010, before the introduction of MCCV in immunization routine and (iii) stationary at low rates in 2011 to 2015, under the influence of MCCV. In this period, we observed the influence of biological, socioeconomic and health factors on the incidence of these capitals. In more detailed study in Curitiba, it was associated with cases belonging in cluster, adjusted in time and by age, to live in low-income neighborhoods (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). Serogroup B was predominant with 65,4%, followed by C with 24,5% and 8,3% by W. Possibly, due to the low incidence of serogroup C, there was no reduction in the total incidence of IMD in these capitals. However, *in the period after MCCV, serogroup C cases were rare or zero in the age group destinedfor vaccination in Curitiba and Florianópolis. In Porto Alegre, cases were registered by serogroup C in the vaccinated age group and serogroup W was relevant. Conclusion: From the beginning of this century there was a significant decline in the incidence of IMD in the capitals of the southern region of the country, even before the introduction of the vaccine, approaching IMD rates found in high income countries. These results are consistent, with studies showing an association of IMD with living conditions and the degree of population development.

Background: Neisseria meningitidis is a gram-negative bacterium with the potential to cause invasive disease. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) can be fatal if delay to antibiotic therapy. There are six serogroups, which are capable of causing invasive disease in humans; A, B, C, W, X and Y. Since 2015, serogroup W and serogroup Y account for the majority of IMD cases reported in Sweden. Aim: To investigate the clinical presentations of IMD caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W and Y. Method: Two databases, PubMed and Cochrane, were used to find articles that described the clinical picture of IMD. Articles with description of clinical features of the studied serogroups and with eight cases or more in every study were included. In addition, only original articles were included. Results: A total of 633 articles were found and 11 fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. Five out of seven articles found meningococcemia as the predominating presentation of serogroup W IMD. Two out of the four articles that studied serogroup Y IMD found meningitis at a higher number. Conclusion: The results of this systematic review suggest meningococcemia as a relatively common presentation of serogroup W IMD while meningitis and pneumonia might occur more frequently in serogroup Y IMD. However, these results should be interpreted carefully because the included articles were mostly retrospective studies and future prospective studies are needed to better identify clinical presentations of serogroup W and Y IMD.