雖然從一九六Ο年代中期開始，英作文教學法已有不同程度的發展，如Maxine Hairston 所指稱的「作文教學法的革命」，但多數第二外語的英作文仍沿用作品成果取向(product-oriented)而非過程取向(process-oriented)。 在本研究□，運用目前「過程取向」中的創意策略教學來探討它在第二外語寫作教學上的成效。研究的目的在於回答下列問題： (一) 創意策略教學是否能幫助學生在寫作上有創意、有構思、有想像？(二) 創意策略教學是否會減弱學生在字彙、語言使用及標點符號的能力？(三) 創意策略教學是否能增強學生在作文組織結構方面的能力？(四) 創意策略教學是否能增進第二外語學生的整體寫作能力。 本研究從二ΟΟ二年九月開始至二ΟΟ四年六月結束，而共有七十二位社會組高中同學參與作文教學課程。前測及後測作品各有九十一篇。評分準則分成下列五項：內容、結構、字彙、語文使用和標點符號。 研究結果簡略歸納如下：(一) 學生因創意策略運用，更能有效構思取材而激發想像力；(二) 創意策略教學不會減弱學生在字彙、語言使用及標點符號的能力；(三) 創意策略教學未必能增強學生在作文組織結構方面的能力；(四) 創意策略教學確能有效提昇學生整體的英文寫作能力。 從研究中發現，應用創意策略教學確能增進學生的英作文寫作能力。 / In the mid-1960s, the pedagogy of composition has had a different progress, which Maxine Hairston (1982) labeled it as the revolution of the teaching of writing, yet most of the EFL composition writings are still product-oriented rather than process-oriented. In this study the current process approach writing, that is, the use of invention strategies is used to examine and compare its effects on EFL high school English writing. The aim of the study is to explore and answer the following questions: (1) Can invention strategies be used to help student-writers generate ideas, gather information and ignite imagination in their writing? (2) Will student-writers' abilities in the use of vocabulary, language use and mechanics be lessened by the use of invention strategies? (3) Can invention strategies be used to help student-writers strengthen the organization of their writing? (4) Will EFL students' overall writing performances improve through the instruction of invention skills? The study was conducted from Sept, 2002 to June, 2004, and a total of 72 11-grade senior high school students from social science program participated in the research. There were 182 pieces of students composition writings paired and graded. The criteria of scoring were categorized into five parts: content, organization, vocabulary, language use and mechanics. The results are summarized as follows：(1) Invention strategies can help student-writers generate ideas, gather information and ignite imagination in their writing. (2) Student-writers' abilities in the use of vocabulary, language use and mechanics will not be lessened by the use of invention strategies. (3) Invention strategies cannot necessarily help student-writers improve the organization of their writing? (4) Overall, invention strategies can significantly improve the EFL students’writing performances. Besides, EFL student-writers also got the highest average grades in content part. In other words, the students-writers will enrich the content of their compositions through the use of instruction of invention strategies. Judging from the findings, student-writers as well as the writing teachers will gain benefits from the use of invention strategies.

Institute for Rural Development / PhDRDV / Studies conducted in some parts of the world have highlighted the fact that Asian-owned small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) always thrive better than those that other racial groups own. For example, a Global Entrepreneurship Monitor study revealed that in South Africa, Blacks owned few businesses and rarely took advantage of the entrepreneurial opportunities available to them even though there are policies that underpin the promotion of SMME. The aim of this study was to compare the determinants of performance of Asian and Black-owned small supermarkets in Thulamela Local Municipality. Specific objectives of the study were to: (1) assess the indicators of performance of small supermarkets; (2) compare the performance factors of Asian- and Black-owned small supermarkets; and (3) suggest intervention strategies to improve the performance of the small supermarkets. A cross-sectional study underpinned by a mixed methods approach and techniques was applied in two sequentially integrated phases. The first phase was qualitative in nature and participants were officials from the Local Economic Development units in Thulamela Local and Vhembe District Municipalities, representatives of Associations of Business Owners, Blacks (Venda and Shangaan speaking) small supermarket owners and Asian (Indians/Pakistanis and Chinese) small supermarket owners. Snowball sampling was used to select interviewees. Data was analysed using the Atlas- ti.7.0.81 software. The second phase was quantitative in nature. Small supermarket owners who were involved during qualitative phase also participated in phase two. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ver 24.0 for windows. Mann-Whitney tests were conducted to establish if there were differences in the perceptions of participants due to race, gender and geographic location. The indicators of success commonly mentioned were number of employees, profit, survival of the business over a long period, and stock or inventory and growths. Asian-owned small supermarkets were performing better because they used more effective and efficient purchasing plus supply systems. Their collectivist culture and networking abilities made them realise higher levels of efficiency when purchasing goods compared to the Black entrepreneurs. Black-owned small supermarkets were performing poorly because of their weak entrepreneurship culture, human capital and business ties. Unfair competition from spaza shops negatively affected their performance. Other factors hindering the performance of the latter were crime and rigid labour laws. In small supermarkets owned by Asians, shoplifting and burglaries were monitored using surveillance cameras during the day. Security companies were deployed during night hours. iii Regarding perception of motivation to start a business, there were significant differences due to race of small supermarket owners and location or area of operation (P < 0.05). Significant differences in perception (P < 0.05) among the races and due to gender and location were attributed to the culture of business owners. Effects of social capital on performance of small supermarkets were reported (P < 0.01). Based on the findings of this study, small supermarket owners should strengthen their human capital through participating in training programmes, especially on supply chain management, marketing and financing. The need for creating networks that help to access information needed to take advantage of the support from the state institutions and the non-governmental sector was evident. Thus, it was concluded that improved performance of small supermarkets could be realised through strengthening human capital, joint purchasing, establishing effective networks and diversifying business activities.