by Lui Kong Kei, Walter. / Thesis submitted in: July 1999. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-122). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDAGE --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiii / LIST OF APPENDIX --- p.xiii / ABBREVATIONS --- p.xiv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCRION --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1 --- DEFINITION --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- ADVANTAGES AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF IONTOPHORESIS --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- ADVANTAGES OF IONTOPHORESIS --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- CLINICAL APPLICATION OF IONTOPHORESIS --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- STRUCTURE AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SKIN --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- SKIN STRUCTURE --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- SKIN PERMSELECTIVITY --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SKIN --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- PRINCIPLES OF IONIC TRANSPORT IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- THEORETICAL BASIS --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- NERNST-PLANCK THEORY OF DRUG DELIVERY BY IONTOPHORESIS --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- CONVECTIVE FLOW --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- THEORETICAL TREATMENT OF CONVECTIVE FLOW --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- THE ENHANCEMENT RATIO (ER) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- ALTERATIONS IN THE PERMEABILITY OF SKIN AND DAMAGE FACTOR (DF) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7 --- PATHWAYS FOR TRANSPORT --- p.17 / Chapter 1.8 --- FACTORS AFFECTING IONTOPHORETIC DELIVERY --- p.19 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- ELECTIC CURRENT --- p.19 / Chapter 1.8.1.1 --- CURRENT DENSITY --- p.20 / Chapter 1.8.1.2 --- CURRENT MODES --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8.1.2.1 --- Direct Current (DC) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8.1.2.2 --- Pulsed Direct Current (PDC) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8.1.2.3 --- Comparing Direct Current (DC) with Pulsed Direct Current (PDC) --- p.23 / Chapter 1.8.1.2.4 --- Pulsed Short-circuit Pulsed Direct Current (PSPDC) --- p.24 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PERMEANT --- p.26 / Chapter 1.8.3 --- ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION --- p.28 / Chapter 1.8.4 --- BIOLOGICAL FACTORS --- p.30 / Chapter 1.9 --- IN-VITRO EXPERIMENT DESIGN --- p.30 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- SKIN AND SYNTHETIC MEMBRANE IN IONTOPHORETIC RESEARCH --- p.30 / Chapter 1.9.2 --- DIFFUSION CELL --- p.32 / Chapter 1.9.3 --- ELECTRODES --- p.33 / Chapter 1.10 --- THE PURPOSE OF PRESENT STUDY --- p.34 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1 --- MATERIAL --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- ANIMAL MODEL --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTS --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- REAGENTS --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- METHODS --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- PREPARATION OF THE SIDE-BI-SIDE DIFFUSION CELL --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- MEMBRANE PREPARATION FOR SKIN PERMEABILITY STUDIES --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- MOUNTING THE TISSUE MEMBRANE IN SIDE-BI-SIDE DIFFUSION CELL --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- STABILIZING THE TISSUE MEMBRANE AND TESTING FOR THE TIGNTNESS --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- SILIVER/SILVER CHORIDE ELECTRODE (Ag/AgCl) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- IN-VITRO IONTOPHORETIC PERMEATION EXPERIMENT --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- IONTOPHORETIC PERMEATION KINETICS OF MANNITOL --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.1 --- Reagents --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.2 --- In-vitro experiment process --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.3 --- Testing parameters --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.4 --- Sampling and assay --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.5 --- Data analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- IONTOPHORETIC PERMEATION KINETICS OF ANGIOTENSIN II --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.2 --- In-vitro experiment process and testing parameters --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.3 --- Sampling and assay --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.4 --- Data analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT OF EXCISED SKIN --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- INFLUENCE OF IONTOPHORESIS ON THE IMPEDANCE OF EXCISED FULL-THICKNESS NUDE MOUSE SKIN --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Experiment process --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Measurement and data analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- PASSIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT EXPERIMENT --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- PASSIVE TRANSPORT OF TRITIATED WATER --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.5.1.1 --- Reagents --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.5.1.2 --- Experimental process --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.5.1.3 --- Assay and data analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- PASSIVE TRANSPORT OF MANNITOL --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.5.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.5.2.2 --- Experimental process --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.5.2.3 --- Assay and data analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- STATISTIC METHODS USED FOR ANALYSIS --- p.59 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1 --- RESULTS OF IN-VITRO IONTOPHORETIC PERMEATION EXPERIMENTS --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- IONTOPHORETIC PERMEATION KINETICS OF MANNITOL --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- IONTOPHORETIC PERMEATION KINETICS OF ANGIOTENSIN II --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2 --- RESULTS OF EFFECT OF IONTOPHORESIS ON THE IMPEDANCE OF THE EXCISED FULL-THICKNESS NUDE MOUSE SKIN --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3 --- SOLUTE TRANSPORT EXPERIMENTS --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- WATER TRANSPORT EXPERIMENT --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- MANNITOL TRANSPORT EXPERIMENT --- p.86 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- DISCUSSION --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1 --- ANIMAL MODEL --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2 --- EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION OF DIFFUSION PERMEATION CELL --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3 --- IN- VITRO PERMEATION EXPERIMENTS --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- MANNITOL --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- ANGIOTENSIN II --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- RESULTS OF IONTOPHORETIC PERMEATION STUDIES --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4 --- INFLUENCE OF IONTOPHORESIS ON THE SKIN IMPEDANCE --- p.99 / Chapter 4.5 --- SOLUTE TRANSPORT EXPERIMENT --- p.102 / Chapter 4.6 --- FUTURE PROSPECTS --- p.106 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- CONCLUSION --- p.107 / APPENDIX ONE --- p.108 / APPENDIX TWO --- p.109 / REFERENCE --- p.115