3 pp. / Similar titles for Payson and Prescott / This publication is intended to be a brief Fact Sheet that provides estimates of turf consumptive use for the Flagstaff area. The publication should find utility in both irrigation management and water resource management and planning.

Revised; Originally Published: 2005 / 3 pp.

Revised; Originally Published: 2005 / 3 pp.

Em regiões nas quais a irrigação é intensiva, visando o aumento da produção de culturas, a fertirrigação é uma prática muito utilizada como uma alternativa para a adubação, proporcionando o menor grau de risco possível. Entretanto, a aplicação excessiva de adubos, via fertirrigação, pode elevar o risco de salinização dos solos, especialmente pela aplicação indiscriminada de fertilizantes. Nem sempre as chuvas que ocorrem em campo aberto são suficientes para lavar os sais do solo. O volume de água necessário para a lavagem de recuperação de um perfil de solo é calculado em função da salinidade inicial do solo, do nível final desejado, do tipo de solo e da profundidade de solo a recuperar, do método de aplicação da água de irrigação e da concentração de sais da água de lavagem. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de equações empíricas para recuperação de solo salinizado, em sistema de lixiviação contínua e intermitente, para o a caso de lâminas de lavagem de sais fertilizantes. O experimento foi conduzido em lisímetros tubulares com a superfície protegida com plásticos, localizados em uma área a campo aberto, pertencente às dependências do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP. O estudo consistiu em três etapas: 1) Salinização dos solos armazenados em lisímetros tubulares de concreto, impermeabilizados em seu interior; 2) Recuperação dos solos salinizados; e 3) Medição das concentrações dos sais nos solos após o procedimento de dessalinização e comparação dessas com as previstas por fórmulas empíricas. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação de dois fatores em esquema fatorial de 2x5, sendo duas formas de recuperação do solo (R1=continua e R2=intermitente) em cinco níveis inicias de salinidade no solo (S1=2,0: S2=4,0: S3=6,0: S4=8,0 e S5=10,0 dS m-1). O delineamento experimental adotado para o experimento foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 6 repetições. Tecnicamente, é possível o uso de lavagem de solos salinizados como estratégia de manejo da irrigação, sendo essa bastante satisfatória. Dentre as equações avaliadas, a que apresentou melhor performance na recuperação do solo salinizado foi a de Volobuyev, fornecendo respostas mais coerentes aos resultados obtidos experimentalmente. De maneira geral, as equações testadas foram mais eficientes no sistema de recuperação intermitente; no sistema continuo, os valores calculados para as lâminas de lavagem foram todos subestimados para condições estudadas. / In regions where irrigation is intensive, aimed at increasing crop production, fertigation is a practice widely used as an alternative to the fertilizing, with the lowest possible level of risk. However, the excessive application of fertilizers, via fertigation can raise the risk of salinization of soils, especially indiscriminate application of fertilizers. Not always the rains that occur in open country are enough to wash the salts from the soil. The volume of water required for washing recovery of a soil profile is calculated on the basis of initial soil salinity, final level desired, type of soil and depth of soil to recover, method of application of irrigation water and concentration of salts in the wash water. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of empirical equations for soil recovery in continuous and intermittent leaching system, for the determination of fertilizer salts wash blades. The experiment was conducted in lysimeters with tubular plastic-protected surface, located in an area in open field, belonging to the Department of Biosystems Engineering from Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz-ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP. The study consisted of three steps: 1) Salinisation of soils stored in lysimeters concrete tubular, waterproofed inside; 2) salinized soil recovery; and 3) measurement of concentrations of salts in the soil after the procedure of desalination and comparison of these with those provided by empirical formulas. The treatments were composed by the combination of two factors in factorial scheme of 2 x 5: two forms of recovery (R1=R2 = continuous and flashing) in five levels of salinity in the soil (S1=2.0: S2=4.0: S3=6.0: S4=8.0 and S5=10.0 dS m-1). The experimental design adopted for this experiment was random blocks with 6 repetitions. Technically, it is possible the use of salinized soils washing as irrigation management strategy, quite satisfactory. Among the equations evaluated, the best presented performance at salinized soil recovery was Volobuyev, providing coherent answers to the results obtained experimentally. In general, the equations tested were more efficient in the intermittent recovery system; the system keep the values calculated are praying all underestimated for studied conditions.

A automação do manejo da irrigação é uma alternativa para maximizar a eficiência de uso da água e a produtividade de culturas irrigadas. Entretanto, a maioria dos controladores de irrigação automatizados é ativada eletricamente e inapropriada para uso em propriedades rurais onde não há disponibilidade de energia. Nesta pesquisa, foi desenvolvido e avaliado um controlador de irrigação acionado mecanicamente pela tensão da água no solo. O equipamento usa a variação de tensão dentro do tensiômetro, instalado na zona radicular da cultura, para acionar mecanicamente uma válvula de três vias (válvula de atuação hidráulica), que por sua vez, opera sobre uma válvula de suprimento da irrigação (válvula hidráulica). O controlador foi projetado e construído utilizando conexões de PVC e outros componentes de PVC construídos em tornos mecânicos. Foram construídos dois protótipos de controlador, denominados protótipo I e II. A tensão da água no solo requerida para acionar o sistema de irrigação é regulada pelo ajuste de uma mola. O desempenho de seis amostras do protótipo I e protótipo II foi avaliado em campo e laboratório, respectivamente. O equipamento foi capaz de ligar e desligar o sistema de irrigação tanto na avaliação em laboratório quanto no campo. Entretanto, variações (desvios padrão de até 5 kPa) nas tensões para acionar e desligar a irrigação foram observadas entre as amostras dos controladores. Porém, a calibração tanto do acionamento quanto do desligamento para cada controlador individualmente é possível e mostrou-se capaz de reduzir a variação para < 1 kPa. Simulações de água no solo foram conduzidas utilizando-se o programa SWIMv2.1 para avaliar o efeito da acurácia do sensor, tipo de solo, taxa de aplicação de irrigação e a profundidade de instalação do sensor no desempenho da irrigação. O controlador apresentou os melhores desempenhos quando instalado em profundidades maiores que 15 cm e para tensões de acionamento maiores do que 15kPa. Em situações em que maior precisão é requerida no acionamento do SI (irrigação de culturas com sistema radicular raso) e/ou é necessário maior flexibilidade na definição lâmina de água a ser aplicado é recomendada a utilização de dois controladores, um para ligar e outro para desligar o SI. As melhores eficiências de aplicação da irrigação e de armazenamento da água no solo foram verificadas com o controlador instalado em profundidades de 30 a 40% da profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular. / The automation of irrigation scheduling is critical to maximizing water use efficiency and productivity in irrigated crops. However, the majority of automated irrigation controllers are electrically actuated and inappropriate for use by small-plot holders where there is no electricity. This research has developed and evaluated a mechanical irrigation controller actuated by soil-water tension for use by small-plot holders. The device uses the energy fluctuations inside a tensiometer located in the active root zone of the crop to mechanically actuate a switch valve which in turn operates the irrigation supply valve.The controller was designed and construced using readily available irrigation fittings and other components constructed in a lathe. It was constructed two prototypes, called prothotype I and II. The performance of six irrigation controllers from the prototype I and prototype II were evaluated in laboratory and in field experiments, respectively. The controller was able to turn on and off irrigation system both in field and laboratory conditions. However, variations (up to 5 kPa standard deviation) in the irrigation actuation and cut-off soil tensions were indentified between individual controllers. However, the calibration of either the actuation or the cut-off soil tension for individual controllers is possible and shown to reduce the variation between controllers to < 1 kPa for the calibrated function. Soil-water simulations were conducted using SWIMv2.1 model to evaluate the effect of sensor accuracy, soil type, irrigation application rate and the installation depth of the sensor on irrigation performance. The controller was shown to perform best when placed in depths bigger than 15 cm and soil-water activation bigger than 15 kPa. In the situation where more precision is required in the actuation of the irrigation system (irrigated crops with shallow root system) and/or is necessary more flexibility in the water depth to be applied, it is recommended utilize two controllers, one to turn on the irrigation and another to turn it off. The best application and soil water storage efficiencies were verified in controller placement depths between from 30 to 40% of the active root system of the crop.

Submitted by KAROLINE MASO DOS REIS null (karol.mazzo6@gmail.com) on 2017-03-20T13:16:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Karoline_Maso_dos_Reis.pdf: 1005977 bytes, checksum: f47d40d873464a065d6892ce5e68a6c3 (MD5) / Rejected by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido não contém o certificado de aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-03-22T13:21:27Z (GMT) / Submitted by KAROLINE MASO DOS REIS null (karol.mazzo6@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T00:00:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Karoline_Maso_dos_Reis.pdf: 1561143 bytes, checksum: a96dd6f917463095d83e367b00fef73b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T16:36:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_km_me_jabo.pdf: 1561143 bytes, checksum: a96dd6f917463095d83e367b00fef73b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T16:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_km_me_jabo.pdf: 1561143 bytes, checksum: a96dd6f917463095d83e367b00fef73b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / A caracterização da distribuição de água por tubo gotejador é imprescindível para a irrigação. E, a falta de conhecimento desse fator leva a impactos econômicos e ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a uniformidade de distribuição e vazão de um tubo gotejador em condição de irrigação superficial e subsuperficial. Utilizou-se o tubo gotejador Drip Net PCTM AS 16150, com delineamento experimental no esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da combinação de 5 profundidades de submersão do tubo gotejador (0; 10; 20; 30 e 40 cm) e 5 pressões de entrada da água no tubo gotejador (49, 98, 147, 196 e 245 kPa). O menor coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição obtido foi de 95,55% e o menor coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen, 96,37%, sendo classificados como excelentes de acordo com Merriam e Keller (1978) e Mantovani (2002), respectivamente. O coeficiente de variação de fabricação ficou dentro da regulamentação, ABNT NBR ISO 9261, sendo menor que 7%. As vazões em subsuperfície apresentaram-se mais próximas da vazão nominal do tubo gotejador do que a vazão em superfície, indicando bom desempenho do tubo gotejador para irrigação em subsuperfície. / The characterization of the water distribution by dripping tube is essential for irrigation. And, lack of knowledge of this factor leads economic and environmental impacts. The objective of this research was to evaluate the uniformity of distribution and flow of a dripper tube in surface and subsurface irrigation conditions. The Drip Net PCTM AS dripping tube 16150 was used, with experimental design in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of 5 submersion depths of the dripper tube (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 m) and 5 inlet pressures of the water in the dripper tube (49, 98, 147, 196 and 245 kPa). The lowest coefficient of uniformity of distribution was 95.55% and the lowest coefficient of uniformity of Christiansen, 96.37%, being classified as excellent according to Merriam and Keller (1978) and Mantovani (2002), respectively. The coefficient of variation of manufacturing was within the regulation, ABNT NBR ISO 9261, being less than 7%.The subsurface flow rates were closer to the nominal flow rate of the dripping tube than to the surface flow rate, indicating a good performance of the drip tube in subsurface.

Thesis (M. Dev.)-- University of Limpopo, 2013 / The study was an attempt to evaluate the results of the revitalization of the smallholder irrigation schemes programme which was introduced by the Limpopo Department of Agriculture. The focus area was the Krokodilheuwel Irrigation Scheme in Makhuduthamaga Municipality which falls under the jurisdiction of Sekhukhune District. The nature of the study was qualitative and was conducted on farmers and technical staff as respondents within the irrigation scheme. The research findings indicated that the majority of the farmers noted some improvements, especially on the management of irrigation schemes by farmers, provision of technical support from staff of the Limpopo Department of Agriculture and in terms of the frequency of training provided to smallholder irrigation schemes. On the other hand, a problem was also observed on the side of management of income and expenditure which was not transparent and inclusive. Farmers were not involved in the management of income and expenditure, but only the strategic partner. Farmers were only told that they did not make any profit as the produce failed to cover for the expenditure incurred for that season. Farmers suggested that the Limpopo Department of Agriculture should be represented on the management of the irrigation scheme to monitor the running of the scheme. The researcher also recommended that the Limpopo Department of Agriculture should put up measures to monitor and evaluate the activities within the irrigation scheme to ensure that the revitalization programme is implemented according to the plans so that intended goals are realized.

Increasing irrigation efficiency on turfgrass could help reduce water consumption on large turf facilities. Two experiments were conducted using perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne (L.) Derby) to evaluate the potential of using remote sensing to estimate turf water status, predict daily evapotranspiration (ET), and estimate turf biomass. In the first experiment a crop water stress index, utilizing remotely sensed canopy temperature, were used to schedule irrigations on 6 of 10 drainage lysimeters. Three of the remaining lysimeters were irrigated used on meteorological estimates of ET calculated using a modified Penman equation. The results of this experiment were inconclusive due to inconsistent lysimeter drainage characteristics. The second experiment was conducted on a turf green with multiple heights to evaluate the potential for using canopy radiance to estimate turf biomass. These results showed that turf biomass could be estimated from a vegetative index (Red Ratio = Near Infrared/Red radiance) obtained through measurements of canopy radiance (r2 = 0.91).

Emerging financial and environmental challenges associated with conventional power sources have increased global interest in consuming unpolluted, renewable energy sources for irrigation sector. Solar energy may be an attractive choice in this regard due to its strong influence on crop water use and related energy requirement. However, a comprehensive approach for a reliable and economically viable photovoltaic (PV) system design to produce energy from solar source is required to accurately explore its potential. This thesis describes the development and application of a reliability assessment model, identifies a suitable solar irrigation management scheme, and provides guidelines for evaluating economic viability of a solar-powered center pivot irrigation system. The reliability model, written in MATLAB, was developed based on the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) technique in which various sub-models for estimating energy production, energy requirement and energy storage were combined. The model was validated with actual data acquired from the study site located at Outlook, Saskatchewan, Canada and an excellent agreement was found. For example, normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) for the battery current was found to be 0.027. Irrigation management strategies (irrigation depth, frequency and timing) were investigated by comparing the PV system sizing requirement for a conventional (25-35 mm per application) and for a frequent light irrigation management strategy (5-8 mm per application). The results suggest that the PV sizing can be reduced significantly by adopting frequent light irrigations which utilize the power as it is produced during daylight hours, rather than relying on stored energy. The potential of a solar-powered center pivot irrigation system was revealed for three different crops (canola, soybean and table potato) at the site by conducting a detailed economic analysis for the designed PV system. High value crops with moderate water requirements such as table potatoes appeared to be the most feasible choice for the study site. However, the potential may greatly vary for different crops in altered locations due to management, agronomic, climate, social, and economic variations. It can be concluded that a holistic approach described here can be used as a tool for designing an appropriate PV powered center pivot irrigation system under variable operating and meteorological conditions. Furthermore, its potential can be accurately explored by conducting a detailed economic analysis for a given location, considering different available crop choices.

Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) was adopted in Thailand in 2004 to encourage the efficient use of water in the agricultural sector. PIM refers to the participation of water users at all phases of irrigation management such as planning, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation. The purpose of this research was to understand the relationships between public participation, learning, and the implementation of more sustainable water practices through PIM in Thailand. Two integrated water user groups (IWUGs) were selected from the Krasiew Reservoir, Suphanburi Province. Data collection included document review, semi-structured telephone interviews, semi-structured face-to-face interviews, observation, and informal meetings. Case study data showed that after the water allocation and delivery schedule were developed and agreed on by the Joint Management Committee for Irrigation members, the final water delivery pattern at each canal was made by a majority vote among members at an IWUG general meeting. The final water allocation strategy at each canal was based on a discussion among IWUG committee members. Water user group (WUG) chiefs and WUG members were responsible for designing their own water allocation pattern and schedule for ditches. Results showed that participating in PIM activities fostered both instrumental and communicative learning among PIM participants. The instrumental learning outcomes included: new skills and information; the development of political, legal, economic, social, or administrative procedures; a determination of the cause-effect relationships; and task-oriented problem solving. The communicative learning outcomes involved: a better understanding of the issue at hand; a more critical understanding of themselves or situations; insight into the interests of others; communication strategies and methods; and comparative reflection. Findings also revealed that local farmers had begun implementing more sustainable water practices after receiving comprehensive water information through PIM. This helped develop an understanding of a reservoir as a finite water resource. As a result, water saving awareness was fostered among farmers in order to maintain a water supply for all crop seasons. In addition, communicating compassionately through participating in PIM activities could foster further social action. The 2005 water crisis in the irrigation area was another factor which triggered a sense of urgency about the need for water conservation.