Islamic finance is acquiring a growing respected place in the world financial system and its market share has been growing by more than 15 percent annually for the last ten years. Sukuk is the financial instrument which is considered to be the icon of the Islamic finance now. It is now one of the fastest growing financial instruments in the world. In this thesis, Sukuk and its original structures are defined and discussed. The features of each structure and their practicality are also highlighted. The main and most important contribution of this thesis is adiscussion and an analysis of the risk identification of Sukuk structure. The management of risk associated with Sukuk structure is also a matter of great importance. A qualitative research approach adopted with unstructured interviews with different experts both in the Islamic and traditional finance field from three different countries. Respondents observe that Islamic capital market is growing and it has established its identity in the world financial market. This bright picture of Sukuk success brings some major risks which are identified as, regulatory risk, Shariah compliance risk, liquidity risk, market risk, credit risk, risk related to underlying asset, third party risk. It is found that risk management practices are very weak at the moment and these risks are not currently well managed.These risks are more and complex and there are no well standardized and documented techniques which can be used to hedge these risks. Sukuk are exposed to these risks .Notmuch importance has been given to the risk management yet and the main focus remainson the issuance of Sukuk .It observe that without proper risk management of the Sukuk structure its success story will always remain under question.

This study investigates the determinants of adopting accounting standards (AAOIFI, IFRS or local standards) in thirty different countries with an Islamic banking industry. This study also examines the link between corporate governance disclosure, corporate social responsibility disclosure, and the adoption of accounting standards in the Islamic banking industry (IBI) as consequences for the adoption process. To the best of my knowledge, this is the only study that empirically investigates this topic. Environmental determinism theory is used as a framework to develop and test for explanations of the accounting standards used in countries where Islamic banks operate. Using multinomial logistic analysis to investigate the determinants of adopting any of the accounting standards sets (AAOIFI, IFRS, LOCAL), I find that both internal environmental factors, such as the level of education and the sophistication of the financial press, as well as enforcement factors, such as the existence of a centralised Sharia committee, are likely to have an impact on the accounting standards adopted by the Islamic banking industry. In regard to the second objective of examining the link between corporate governance disclosure, corporate social responsibility disclosure, and the adoption of accounting standards in the Islamic banking industry (IBI), multivariate regression was used to analyse the data. The results present that: there is an association between corporate governance disclosure and social responsibility disclosure with the accounting standard adopted in the country. The analysis also presents that both types of disclosure within the IBI is associated with the other non-accounting institutions in the country as openness to economy, political stability, and enforcement mechanisms such as a centralised Sharia committee in the country. This result implies that the specific accounting standards adopted by the Islamic banking industry are subject to the internal environment of, and the enforcement mechanisms imposed by, the country. This result further suggests that accounting institutions such as accounting standards adoption and non-accounting institutions are associated with disclosure practices in IBI. Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that adoption of accounting standards within the Islamic banking industry is an important accounting institution which can be determined by other institutions, as well as affecting disclosure practices in the industry.

This thesis examines three different aspects of monetary policy in a varying sample of developing countries, with some Islamic banks. The first essay estimates a variety of interest rate rules for the conduct of monetary policy for Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, Thailand and Turkey, in both high and low inflation conditions. The findings are that the reaction of monetary policy to both inflation and output gaps differs between the high and low inflation regimes and that the exchange rate channel is important only in the low inflation regime. The second essay examines the bank lending channel of monetary transmission in Malaysia, a country with a dual banking system, with both Islamic and conventional banks. The results show that Islamic credit is less responsive to interest rates shocks than is conventional credit, in both high and low growth conditions. In contrast, the relative importance of Islamic credit shocks in driving output and inflation is greater under low -inflation conditions and higher Islamic credit leads to higher growth and lower inflation in such conditions. The third essay re-examines the question of causality between credit and GDP between two sets of countries one set without Islamic banks and the other set with dual banking systems, including some Islamic banks. The results suggest long-run causality from credit growth to GDP in countries with only Islamic banks.

Sukuk are an important mode of financing in the Islamic financial system. As usury (interest) is prohibited in Islam, conventional bonds are not suitable for investors in Islamic countries. Since their launch in the 1980s, Sukuk have gained recognition and popularity as a substitute for conventional bonds. However, their unique features mean that Sukuk are not always clearly understood. The aim of this study is to analyse the differences and similarities between Sukuk and conventional bonds in terms of their risk and return characteristics.

Cette thèse entend mettre en lumière la constitution de "visions du monde" qui se sont développées au regard des préceptes économiques de l'islam. Celles-ci révèleront des rapports fondamentalement transformés entre le politique, le droit, la morale, le savoir, l'histoire et la société. Une rupture cosmologique interviendra entre la période classique de l'islam et la modernité, laquelle fera advenir une conception renouvelée des principes religieux avec l'avènement de la "justice sociale". La "vision du monde" du Jamaat-i-islami aura pour prétention de mettre en oeuvre ce que ce courant politico-religieux dit être le "système économique de l'islam", qui sera déterminé lors de la confrontation avec les idéologies communistes, socialistes, national-socialiste, sécularistes, nationalistes, ainsi que les formes du capitalisme, au moment de la partition de l'Inde et du Pakistan. Cette conception du monde finira par être elle-même en concurrence avec ce qui se nommera la finance islamique à partir du milieu des années 70, donnant naissance à une définition inédite de la religion. / This thesis aims at highlighting "worldviews" appearing in relation to the economic precepts of Islam.They reveal fundamental transformations between politics, law, morality, knowledge, history and society.A cosmological shift will be shown to occur between the classical period of Islam and modernity, entailing a renewed conception of religious principles with the advent of "social justice". The "worldview" of Jamaat-i-islami claims to set up the "Economic system of Islam", which will be determined in confrontation with ideologies such as Communism, Socialism, National-socialism, Secularism, Nationalism,and Capitalism, during the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. This conception will ultimately be in conflict with a new one under the name of Islamic Finance in the mid-70s, giving birth to an unprecedented definition of this religion.

La récente crise financière a mis en relief les failles d'un système financier international basé sur des opérations à haut degré de spéculation et une déconnexion entre l'économie réelle et l'économie financière. Elle a ainsi marqué l'avènement d'une ère nouvelle pour une finance éthique islamique. Visant principalement le bien-être de la société et le développement économique, la finance islamique consacre des principes de solidarité et de justice sociale. A ces fins, elle exige la licéité des secteurs de l'investissement, prohibe toute forme d'intérêt et d'incertitude excessive, favorise le partage des profits et des pertes entre les contractants et met aussi l'accent sur l'exigence de la tangibilité de l'actif financé. Sur la base de ces principes, elle adopte des montages contractuels de financement compatibles avec la charia, comme la moudaraba, moucharaka, ijara, mourabaha, etc. Toutefois, les piliers fondamentaux de cette finance ne lui sont pas proprement exclusifs. L'esprit général du droit français partage avec la finance islamique quelques principes et permet également de mettre en place des contrats de financement qui trouvent leurs correspondants dans la finance islamique. Ainsi, sans contredire la laïcité du droit français, la France peut ambitionner de devenir le « leader européen » de la finance islamique. Cette ambition se manifeste par un soutien fort de la part des autorités et par des aménagements dans son cadre juridique et fiscal. Notre étude démontre qu'il existe une concordance conceptuelle entre la finance islamique et la finance conventionnelle mais que leur mise en œuvre emprunte des voies différentes. L'accueil et la promotion de la finance islamique en France ne semblent pas impossibles mais peuvent évidemment se heurter à des obstacles en droit français et à des faiblesses en finance islamique. Certaines réformes sont souhaitables tant au niveau du droit français qu'au niveau de la finance islamique pour pouvoir s'adapter plus harmonieusement et améliorer le financement de l'économie mondiale. / The recent financial crisis has highlighted the fragilities of an international financial system based on operations with high-level of speculation and disconnect between the real and financial economy. It has then marked the approach of a new era of an ethical Islamic finance. Aiming primarily at the well-being of society and the economic development, Islamic finance embodies the principles of solidarity and social justice. For these purposes, it requires investing in the permissible sectors; prohibits any form of interest and excessive uncertainty; promotes the sharing of profit and loss between contracting parties and focuses on the tangibility of the financed assets. Based on these principles, it adopts sharia compliant financial mechanisms such as moudaraba, mousharaka, ijara, mourabaha, etc. However, such fundamental pillars are not strictly exclusive to the Islamic finance. The general spirit of the French law shares some principles with the Islamic finance and permits as well to implement financing agreements that have their correspondents therein. Thus, without prejudice to the secular nature of the French law, France can aspire to become the “European leader” of Islamic finance. This ambition is asserted through the strong support of the authorities and the amendments of its legal and fiscal framework. Our study shows that there is a conceptual similarity between Islamic finance and conventional finance but their implementation takes different paths. The introduction and the promotion of the Islamic finance in France do not seem to be impossible but may obviously face obstacles at the French level and weaknesses at the Islamic level. Some reforms are desirable in both the French law and the Islamic finance so that they can adapt more smoothly and improve the financing of the global economy.

v anglickém jazyce This theses deals with the nature of Islamic banks and their products in the context of the regulation of financial markets and banking. Islamic banking can be understood as a banking activity that is consistent with sharia - Islamic law. Despite considerable obstacles that Islamic banking has faced in the past, it now occupies a significant and growing portion of the global financial system. In the first part, I will introduce the principles of Islamic law, on which Islamic banking is built, along with the key principles of Islamic finance. Special attention is also paid to the recent history of Islamic banking. Following is a section dealing with selected banking products offered by Islamic banks, whose understanding is crucial for the comprehension of the specific challenges that Islamic banks are facing. The second part is devoted to the issues of regulation of Islamic banks. Firstly, an overview of international regulatory institutions operating in the field of Islamic finance is given and I further explore the question of the impact of Basel III measures on Islamic banks. Due to its nature, Islamic banks are in need of further internal and external audit which examines compliance of their activities with Islamic law. This work is carried out by Sharia Supervisory Boards...

Cette étude couvre les institutions financières islamiques en général, avec une attention particulière accordée aux banques islamiques. L’intérêt est suscité par la relation directe avec notre sujet traitant de la surveillance de conformité avec la charia, réglementaire et légale, des banques islamiques. Les institutions financières et banques islamiques proposent divers produits de financement et développent plusieurs produits classiques en les adaptant aux principes de la finance islamique, dont l’absence de l’usure (interdiction du riba). Par ailleurs, nous notons que d’une part, certaines institutions financières et banques islamiques commencent à détourner à leur avantage les principes et les règles de base qui ont justifié l’existence même de la finance islamique en tant que substitut à la banque classique, et que d’autre part, même quand lesdites institutions se dotent d’instance de surveillance, leurs prérogatives se limitent à conseiller sans intervention pour réparer les défaillances et sans que leurs décisions et recommandations n’aient de force obligatoire. Ces constats nous amènent plus loin dans notre analyse, et nous poussent à nous interroger sur le fait d’assumer les implications de la responsabilité civile sous ses deux formes ; contractuelle et délictuelle ainsi que les implications de la responsabilité pénale pour les membres de ces instances. Le rôle de ces organes peut être plus effectif et plus efficace, comme nous le montrerons grâce à une approche réglementaire légale des activités et travaux des instances de surveillance de la charia. De ce fait, le sujet de la thèse implique une comparaison et un parallélisme entre les activités bancaires islamiques et la surveillance réglementaire du point de vue de la loi islamique charaique et la surveillance réglementaire des activités bancaires islamiques d’un point de vue légal. / The present study covers the issue of islamic financial institutions in overall, with a particular attention attributed for islamic banks. The topic is interesting because of the direct relationship with the compliance monitoring with the Shariaa, regulatory and legal of Islamic banks. These financial institutions and Islamic banks offer various products of financing and develop several conventional products adapting them to the principles of Islamic finance, including the absence of usury (interdiction of riba). We should mention that some financial institutions and Islamic banks begin to divert for their advantages the principles and the basic rules that justified the existence of Islamic finance, like substitute for the traditional bank. And the role of institutions of compliance monitoring is limited to provide advises without intervention to prepare the failures, in other terms their decisions and recommendations did not have the binding force. These findings allowed deepening our analysis to pose the question regarding assuming the consequences of the civil liabilities under the 2 forms: contractual and delictual, in addition to the consequences and the criminal liabilities for the members of these authorities of compliance monitoring. The role of these organs could be more effective and efficient, like we underlined with the regulatory approach of their activities and the works of these authorities of compliance with the Shariaa. The present dissertation provides a comparison between the Islamic banks activities and the regulatory monitoring from the perspective of the Islamic rules of Shariaa and the regulatory monitoring of the activities of Islamic banks form legal perspective.

The main aim of the thesis is to describe and explain the rules of Islamic financial world and outline working principles of the Islamic insurance. This work characterizes the fundamental models on which takaful insurance company works. It describes the basic products and the regulation in the sector. The part of the thesis is focused on the analysis of Islamic insurance market, the financial crisis, the potential of takaful in Europe and the development of Islamic insurance in the future.

Three main components represent the pillars of this research: Human Economic Security (HES), Islamic economics, and the Malaysian economy and policies addressing economic insecurities. HES is part of Human Security (HS), and both are presented in this research from the Islamic perspective to relate to both Islamic economics and Malaysia, the constitutionally Islamic country. To reach a conclusion regarding the subject, the researcher asks the question: "Can Malaysia actualize HES on the bases of equity and justice for all its citizens through enlarging and enhancing the performance of the Islamic Voluntary Economic Sector (IVES) institutions, specifically the redistributive institution of zakat?" The methodological approach of this research is basically a qualitative one. In the concluding chapter the researcher finds that Islamic economics could grow to become more social, more so through the growth of the IVES. However, a steady growth of the sector is not enough to actualize HES noticeably in Malaysian contexts. A more robust growth rate in the sector is conditional to decisive government interventions that favor the growth of the IVES. / 博士(グローバル社会研究) / Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University