This study examines the interrelationships between migration patterns, population change, and socio-economic development in the Cook Islands of the south Pacific during the period 1966-80. Socio-economic "development" is defined as: (1) economic growth; (2) increasing social complexity; (3) an improvement in the physical quality of life. Two models of the relationship between migration and socio-economic development were extracted from the theoretical literature: one suggests that migration brings a range of socio-economic benefits to the "sending" society; the other claims that migration is costly to the sending society and is likely to promote its "underdevelopment". The effects of migration on population growth, age structure and sex balance, geographical distribution, labor force size and quality, during the post self-government period 1966-80, are examined in detail. The effects of these changes on the three dimensions of socio-economic development are explored and some of the monetary "costs" and "benefits" of migration are estimated. The net crude rate of emigration for the period was 27.3/1000 for the population as a whole, and 32.2/1000 for the Maori component taken separately. This rate of out-flow has reduced the average annual growth rate from a potential 3.2% to an actual rate of -0.6% over the 1966-76 intercensal period. The population has declined overall by 5.9% over the same period and some islands have dropped by as much as 55%. While most migrants are under 40 years of age, high fertility in the past means that the majority of the population is also under this age. Disproportionate migration occurs principally in the age range 15-24. The "working age" population of the Cook Islands as a whole declined by 2.6%; some islands did maintain a static labor force, however, while in others the labor force declined. No evidence was found to indicate that emigration improves the dependency burden or the sex ratio. Where the dependency ratio has improved, this can be attributed to declining fertility. A higher proportion of the population is concentrated on the main island of Rarotonga, but "urbanization" has actually decreased as a result of differential emigration by district. While it is clear that the demographic and socio-economic impact of migration varies from region to region, and island to island, the overall effect on the "development" of the Cook Islands has been negative. The period of large-scale emigration was accompanied by falling real GDP per capita and in total, declining production for export, and the loss of both social capital and occupational skills. The physical quality of life has improved over the period, but the rate of improvement has fallen-off as emigration increased in the mid 1970s. Remittance income from migrants abroad has increased as a proportion of total per capita income, leading to greater "dependency" on an external economy. Structural complexity has increased to a degree on Rarotonga, but some of the outer islands show signs of structural "devolution" and economic decline. It is argued that the declining population of the Cook Islands will tend to exacerbate the already severe problems of small scale and geographical dispersion in the micro-economy of the Cook Islands and will add considerable uncertainty to the processes of development planning. In the short-term dependency will probably increase as more foreign aid will be required to operate the political-administrative system. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

O presente trabalho vem contribuir com a abordagem acadêmica dos processos participativos para envolvimento de populações tradicionais no planejamento e gestão de áreas protegidas insulares, trabalhando com populações caiçaras que habitam ilhas e trazendo reflexões por experiências com pesquisa, educação popular e gestão participativa no Arquipélago de Ilhabela. São apresentados os referenciais teóricos no campo da geografia e antropologia marítima, a abordagem de planejamento e ordenamento territorial, e questões sobre áreas protegidas e políticas de inserção social. Buscou-se fazer uma construção da concepção de pesquisa-ação-participativa a partir da educação popular, apresentando formas de trabalho e abordagens do pesquisador em campo para trabalho com comunidades tradicionais e trazendo ferramentas de pesquisa e diagnóstico participativo para estudo das comunidades e levantamento de população. Por fim são apresentados dados e informações sobre as Comunidades Tradicionais Caiçaras do Arquipélago de Ilhabela, obtidos a partir da aplicação das ferramentas descritas e do conhecimento dos sujeitos trabalhados, demonstrando que informações necessárias para discutir as relações das comunidades com as unidades de conservação podem ser obtidas a partir de práticas de pesquisa de campo. Então são trazidos argumentos para subsidiar a reflexão e planejamento da gestão do Parque Estadual de Ilhabela, tendo como foco o reconhecimento da presença da população tradicional no interior e entorno da unidade e pensando a inserção dessa comunidade no manejo e gestão participativa da natureza protegida. Para concluir demonstra-se que, com este tipo de abordagem, é possível obter dados fundamentais para pensar o ordenamento ambiental e territorial; além deste se configurar como uma maneira de envolvimento, aproximação e troca de informação. Porém, o processo de apropriação e protagonismo de populações locais na gestão de seus lugares requerem um longo caminho, com trabalhos complementares que fomentem a participação. / The present dissertation contributes with the academic approaches to participative processes fostering the involvement of traditional populations in planning and managing insular protected areas, working with the local inhabitants of the islands and offering reflections based on experience with research, popular education and participative management in the archipelago of Ilhabela. Theoretical references in the field of geography and maritime anthropology will be presented along with an approach to territorial organization and spatial planning, followed by issues related to protected areas and policies of social inclusion. We aimed at building a concept of participativeaction- research based on popular education, presenting possible ways of working with traditional communities and of approaching them, using research and participative diagnosis techniques to study these communities and to conduct a population survey. Finally, we will present data and information about the Traditional Local Communities of the Ilhabela Archipelago based on our knowledge on the surveyed subjects and on the use of the techniques mentioned above, demonstrating that the information that is necessary to discuss the relation of the communities with the areas of protection can be collected while carrying out fieldwork activities. Furthermore, we will provide elements to support the reflection about the management of Ilhabela State Park and its planning, stressing the importance of recognizing the presence of the traditional populations in its interior and surroundings and focusing on the inclusion of these communities in the organization and participative management of protected areas. In conclusion, we will demonstrate that this type of approach enables the collection of data that is essential for reflecting about environmental and territory planning, besides, it configures itself as way of getting involved, bringing one another together and exchanging information. However, the process of appropriation and control of the management of the place where they live by local populations still has to face a long journey, with the aid of complimentary initiatives that foster participation.

O presente trabalho vem contribuir com a abordagem acadêmica dos processos participativos para envolvimento de populações tradicionais no planejamento e gestão de áreas protegidas insulares, trabalhando com populações caiçaras que habitam ilhas e trazendo reflexões por experiências com pesquisa, educação popular e gestão participativa no Arquipélago de Ilhabela. São apresentados os referenciais teóricos no campo da geografia e antropologia marítima, a abordagem de planejamento e ordenamento territorial, e questões sobre áreas protegidas e políticas de inserção social. Buscou-se fazer uma construção da concepção de pesquisa-ação-participativa a partir da educação popular, apresentando formas de trabalho e abordagens do pesquisador em campo para trabalho com comunidades tradicionais e trazendo ferramentas de pesquisa e diagnóstico participativo para estudo das comunidades e levantamento de população. Por fim são apresentados dados e informações sobre as Comunidades Tradicionais Caiçaras do Arquipélago de Ilhabela, obtidos a partir da aplicação das ferramentas descritas e do conhecimento dos sujeitos trabalhados, demonstrando que informações necessárias para discutir as relações das comunidades com as unidades de conservação podem ser obtidas a partir de práticas de pesquisa de campo. Então são trazidos argumentos para subsidiar a reflexão e planejamento da gestão do Parque Estadual de Ilhabela, tendo como foco o reconhecimento da presença da população tradicional no interior e entorno da unidade e pensando a inserção dessa comunidade no manejo e gestão participativa da natureza protegida. Para concluir demonstra-se que, com este tipo de abordagem, é possível obter dados fundamentais para pensar o ordenamento ambiental e territorial; além deste se configurar como uma maneira de envolvimento, aproximação e troca de informação. Porém, o processo de apropriação e protagonismo de populações locais na gestão de seus lugares requerem um longo caminho, com trabalhos complementares que fomentem a participação. / The present dissertation contributes with the academic approaches to participative processes fostering the involvement of traditional populations in planning and managing insular protected areas, working with the local inhabitants of the islands and offering reflections based on experience with research, popular education and participative management in the archipelago of Ilhabela. Theoretical references in the field of geography and maritime anthropology will be presented along with an approach to territorial organization and spatial planning, followed by issues related to protected areas and policies of social inclusion. We aimed at building a concept of participativeaction- research based on popular education, presenting possible ways of working with traditional communities and of approaching them, using research and participative diagnosis techniques to study these communities and to conduct a population survey. Finally, we will present data and information about the Traditional Local Communities of the Ilhabela Archipelago based on our knowledge on the surveyed subjects and on the use of the techniques mentioned above, demonstrating that the information that is necessary to discuss the relation of the communities with the areas of protection can be collected while carrying out fieldwork activities. Furthermore, we will provide elements to support the reflection about the management of Ilhabela State Park and its planning, stressing the importance of recognizing the presence of the traditional populations in its interior and surroundings and focusing on the inclusion of these communities in the organization and participative management of protected areas. In conclusion, we will demonstrate that this type of approach enables the collection of data that is essential for reflecting about environmental and territory planning, besides, it configures itself as way of getting involved, bringing one another together and exchanging information. However, the process of appropriation and control of the management of the place where they live by local populations still has to face a long journey, with the aid of complimentary initiatives that foster participation.