This thesis investigates the relationships between mercury (Hg) and stable isotope of carbon (δ13C) in marine pelagic zooplankton (Calanus spp., Themisto spp. and Euchaeta spp.) with water mass characteristics in the North Water Polynya (NOW) and in the Mackenzie shelf – Amundsen Gulf area. Two ship based sampling field expeditions were carried out in late summer of 2005 and 2006 in both regions on board the CCGS Amundsen. In the North Water (NOW) polynya, higher levels of water Hg, depleted δ18O, lower salinity and lower nitrate levels were measured at sampling locations near the Prince of Wales glacier (POW) on the eastern coast of Ellesmere Island in the Smith Sound area. These results suggest that the glacier may be a source of Hg to this region which, in turn, is responsible for the correspondingly high concentrations of THg and MMHg measured in Calanus spp. and Euchaeta spp. at the same locations. The Mackenzie shelf – Amundsen Gulf region was characterized by fresher surface water properties (low salinity and depleted δ18O) in the western part and was strongly linked to the influence of the Mackenzie River. Higher THg concentrations in zooplankton were associated with larger fractions of both meteoric water and sea-ice melt. These findings suggest that in the western Arctic, inorganic Hg uptake in zooplankton via-absorption near surface water was highly driven by freshwater inputs into the system. Based on the analysis of three main genus Calanus spp. (mostly adult females Calanus hyperboreus), Euchaeta spp. and Themisto spp. (mostly adult Themisto libellula), THg and MMHg concentrations were the highest in the carnivorous copepod Euchaeta spp. in the North Water polynya followed by the omnivorous hyperiid amphipod Themisto spp. The herbivorous copepod Calanus spp. had both the lowest THg and MMHg concentrations in the Eastern and the Western Arctic. In addition, the Western Arctic is the area in which each zooplankton genus had the most depleted carbon and the most enriched nitrogen. The highest concentrations of THg in Calanus spp., Euchaeta spp. and Themisto spp. were measured in the Western Arctic as well as the highest MMHg in Calanus spp. and Themisto spp. The highest %MMHg was calculated in the Archipelago for Themisto spp., in the Eastern Arctic for Euchaeta spp. and in the Western Arctic for Calanus spp. The relationships observed between THg, MMHg, %MMHg and δ13C in all three major zooplankton taxa and water mass properties were in agreement with what have been previously described in the literature. Our findings suggested that both Hg and δ13C can be used as tracers to help understand zooplankton vertical distribution, feeding ecology and ultimately to predict climate changes impact at lower trophic level in the pelagic food web. The implications for marine mammals foraging in these regions are also discussed.

Environmental liability cases involving spilled or released petroleum products into ocean ecosystems require oil identification techniques that are unambiguous and conclusive, even in situations where oils have been subjected to secondary environmental processes, such as, evaporation and dissolution. The ability and functionality of the Compound Specific Isotope Correlation (CSIC) technique is tested to determine its reliability to characterize released petroleum using the carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) of the individual gasoline-range compounds (C5-C9). In particular, this thesis studies the potential of CSIC as a robust diagnostic tool, to identify and correlate marine releases of oil with their sources, especially those having undergone evaporative weathering. Three crude oils (Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend, Lacula and Louisiana) added to synthetic seawater were exposed to mechanically simulated wave energy and controlled evaporative weathering at 10 oC. Time-series sampling of the gasoline-range vapour fractions from the headspace employed Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME). SPME-Continuous Flow-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (SPME-CF-IRMS) determined the molecular abundances and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of the gasoline-range compounds of the original and weathered oils. Evaporation rates over the maximum 20 hour period varied for the 3 study oils. Most (74%) of the individual compounds measured in the oils display a δ13C enrichment with progressive evaporation with approximately half of the compounds in all 3 oils showing fractionation of the carbon isotopes ≤ 0.5‰ within measurement precision. The magnitude of carbon isotope shift observed in compounds pre-vs. post-weathering ranges from 0 to 2.8 ±0.6‰. There is no clear relationship identified between the degree of 13C enrichment in the oils and groupings such as chemical class, structure or carbon number. The overall weighted average 13C enrichment for all compounds in the 3 oils is approximately 1‰. Toluene was the only compound consistently exhibiting comparatively high 13C enrichment (1.6‰, 1.8‰ and 2.8‰) in all 3 oils after evaporative weathering. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) treatment of the CSIC data set can reliably discriminate between the 3 oils despite evaporative weathering and δ13C changes. HCA is also able to unambiguously relate the three weathered oils back to their respective original unweathered oil. Diagnostic shifts in δ13C of individual compounds in an oil may potentially be used to trace weathered oils back to the source, and possibly give a estimation of time since release. However the typically rapid rate of evaporation for the gasoline-range fractions limits the time that an oil can be successfully identified by CSIC. / Graduate

The Nopal I uranium deposit located in northern Chihuahua Mexico has been the focus of study for the past 40 years. Information regarding to its formation and evolution through time demonstrate that it has a very complex history. Uranium mineralization occurs in two different styles: uranium oxide uraninite and a secondary phases of silicates (uranophane, soddyite) and oxyhydroxides (schoepite and ianthinite). Petrographic studies have revealed that uraninite is found encapsulated within the host rock (ignimbrites) as fine grains while secondary uranium minerals are filling fractures and micro-veins. Chemical dates from the uranium minerals give a wide range from 0 to 611 Ma; many of the ages may be overestimated since the host rock is 44 Ma. U/Pb isotopic studies demonstrate the presence of common Pb, and after a correction was applied, a new range of dates from 1< to 7 Ma was obtained.

The Gawler Craton, South Australia, consists of late Archaean to early Mesoproterozoic igneous and supracrustal lithologies which preserve a deformation history lasting the duration of the Palaeoproterozoic. Understanding the evolution of the Gawler Craton is of significance in global supercontient reconstructions as it preserves evidence for earliest Palaeoproterozoic collisional orogenesis (c. 2460-2430 Ma) and, in conjunction with the North Australian Craton and Antarctica, has often been correlated to the western margin of Laurentia. In addition, the Gawler Craton is also host to the world-class Olympic Dam Fe-oxide-Cu-Au-U type-deposit (world's fourth largest Cu and largest U deposit) and related Fe-oxide-Cu-Au-U and Cu-Au mineralising systems. Despite the various geologically and economically important characteristics of the Gawler Craton there has traditionally been a poor understanding of the tectonothermal evolution of the Gawler Craton, in particular for the Palaeoproterozoic. This study addresses and refines the Palaeo-to Mesoproterozoic tectonothermal evolution of the Gawler Craton. This is done using geochemical, geochronological and isotopic analytical techniques to better understand selected supracrustal and igneous lithologies in the Gawler Craton and the orogenic events which have affected them. Largely unexposed metasedimentary lithologies of the northern Gawler Craton record multiple deformation events but have previously been virtually unconstrained with respect to their timing of protolith deposition and the age of deformation/metamorphism. New geochronological data demonstrate these metasedimentary lithologies were deposited during the time period -1750-1730 Ma before being metamorphosed and deformed during the Kimban (1730-1690 Ma) and Kararan (1570-1545 Ma) Orogenies. Detrital zircon geochronology and isotopic and geochemical characteristics of the sampled metasedimentary lithologies suggest a relatively similar protolith sedimentary succession was deposited across a large extent of the northern Gawler Craton. Detritus for the sedimentary protolith does not appear to have been sourced from the Gawler Craton. Instead the protolith it is more consistent with a North Australian Craton provenance suggesting a proximity between the northern Gawler Craton and North Australian Craton at the time of protolith deposition. The newly defined presence of the Palaeoproterozoic Kimban Orogeny in the northern Gawler Craton demonstrates the Kimban Orogeny to be a major, high-grade, craton-wide orogenic event. This finding contradicts previous suggestions that the northern Gawler Craton was accreted to the proto-Gawler Craton during the later Mesoproterozoic Kararan Orogeny. In addition, previous reconstruction models for the Palaeo-to early Mesoproterozoic often cite the felsic Tunkillia Suite (1690-1670 Ma), western and central Gawler Craton, as representing arc magmatism prior to the subsequent amalgamation of the Gawler Craton during the Kararan Orogeny. New geochemical and isotopic data for the Tunkillia Suite have allowed for re-examination of the tectonic setting for the petrogenesis of the Tunkillia Suite. Contrary to previous suggestions (based upon discrimination diagrams), the mineralogy, geochemistry and isotopic characteristics of the Tunkillia Suite are not consistent with arc-magmatism. Instead the Tunkillia Suite is interpreted to represent a late-to post-tectonic magmatic suite generated during the waning stages of the Kimban Orogeny. This petrogenesis further highlights the importance of the Kimban Orogeny as a fundamental tectonothermal event in the evolution of the Gawler Craton. Subsequent to the Kimban Orogeny, the Gawler Craton was thought to undergo a period of subduction-related magmatism (St Peter Suite) prior to the anorogenic magmatism of the voluminous felsic Gawler Range Volcanic (GRV) and Hiltaba Suite magmatism (1595-1575 Ma). New geochronological data for the ms-bi-gt-bearing peraluminous Munjeela Suite (1590-1580 Ma) have demonstrated the Hiltaba/GRV event was accompanied by significant crustal anatexis not associated with the Hiltaba/GRV magmatism. The Munjeela Suite and metasedimentary enclaves within it demonstrate that the Gawler Craton was likely to be undergoing compressive deformation and crustal thickening sometime during the petrogenesis of the Hiltaba/GRV magmatism. This suggests the Hiltaba/GRV magmatism did not occur in an anorogenic setting as previously proposed. The findings of this study are incorporated into a revised tectonothermal evolution of the Gawler Craton. This is used to discuss previous reconstruction models for Proterozoic Australia and provide a new reconstruction model of Australia and Antarctica during the Palaeoproterozoic. Important facets of the proposed model are links to the Archaean-Early Palaeoproterozoic Sask Craton in the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Laurentia, and the joint evolution of the North Australian and Gawler Cratons throughout the entire Palaeoproterozoic. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1330862 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

No description available.

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona, 1982. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-116).

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 303-319). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web,

Thesis (B. Sc. (Hons.))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1994? / On title page: "National grid reference SH-546737." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-60).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2008. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.