Paulicians represent one of the most dynamic religious and military phenomena in the eastern Mediterranean during the ninth century. Despite being unknown to Greek sources at the beginning of this century, Paulicians were persecuted by the East Roman Empire in the 810s and again in the 840s. After this later persecution, they aligned themselves with the Emirate of Malaṭiya and raided the empire's eastern provinces until their eclipse as a regional power in the 870s. Yet modern scholarship concerning Paulicians has conventionally focused on their religiosity, which has traditionally been identified as a variant of adoptionism descended from primordial forms of Armenian Christianity, and/or as a Manichaean or Marcionite dualism which would influence later heresies in Bulgaria and the Languedoc. In contrast to approaches such as these, which locate Paulicians within broader religious metanarratives, this thesis seeks to analyse Paulician religiosity on its own terms by grounding it within its social, religious and politico-military contexts. In doing so, it will reappraise Paulician activity after a comparative dearth of scholarly interest lasting several decades. Firstly, it will reinterpret the relationship of the Greek heresiological sources which describe the heresy, in the process arguing that several of these sources (notably Peter of Sicily's History of the Paulicians and Pseudo-Photios' Contra Manichaeos) are forgeries which date to the reign of Constantine VII (945-59), many decades after the Paulicians' downfall in the 870s. It will explain the significance of this fact for the study of Paulicians, as well as positing methods by which these forgeries could have been undertaken, and their testimony corroborated. In doing so, I will pay particular attention to the symbolic language (particularly numerical and onomastic) with which Roman heresiologists read religious texts. Secondly, the thesis will offer a new explanation for Paulicians as a historical phenomenon indigenous to Asia Minor, without tangible links to earlier Armenian heretics, or dualists, such as Manichaeans or Marcionites. It will argue that Paulicians in this area had an apostolic religiosity founded upon reverence for the apostle Paul, by employing two Paulician sources which are now preserved in the History of the Paulicians, namely the Didaskalie and the Letters of Sergios. I will contextualise these sources in the aftermath of the Roman persecutions of the 810s, in the process examining the Paulicians' idiosyncratic understanding of the Holy Spirit and the sin-based narratives which they developed after these persecutions. These findings on Paulician religion will then be placed in an even wider context by positing reasons for the Paulicians' expansion which locate them within the cultural and socio-economic fabric of the borderlands between the East Roman Empire, the 'Abbāsid Caliphate and Armenia. It will refute the traditional interpretation that a de-facto alliance with the iconoclast movement was instrumental to Paulician expansion, instead arguing that their success was intimately linked to East Roman persecutions against them and the manner in which they made sense of these events. Beyond this, the thesis will undermine the conception of a distinct Paulician identity and religiosity throughout the period in question, arguing that they should best be understood as a fractious and heterogeneous network, rather than a single confessional entity.

The censorship was one of the Roman Republic's most significant magistracies. The range and importance of their duties – the census, the lectio senatus and recognitio equitum, letting public contracts and initiating public works, and the ceremony of the lustrum – meant that the office had a profound impact on Roman society. There is much modern scholarship on the censorship. But some of the arguments and conclusions put forward by earlier scholars, while valuable, need to be updated and certain misconceptions corrected. In particular, what is required is a greater focus on placing the censorship in its political and social context, into the political culture of the Roman Republic, in order to properly analyse the office, its wider function(s), and its influence on Roman society. At the same time, a careful consideration of what precisely the censors' duties involved and how each pair of censors carried these out is necessary. The present work hopes to address both aspects of this important magistracy. To that end, this thesis is divided into seven chapters. Five of which deal with the censors' individual responsibilities. Chapter 1 is a diachronic survey of the censorship across the whole period of its existence. It aims to highlight the development of the office over time and to ground the subsequent discussion of the magistracy in its proper chronological context. Chapter 2 highlights the infrastructure – assistants, schedule, records, headquarters etc – through which the censors were able to carry out their tasks. Chapter 3 is a study of the censors' most important task, the taking of the census, and its importance for the Roman community. Chapter 4 looks at the censors as guardians of the mos maiorum, and the activities through which this role was expressed. Chapter 5 investigates the censors' responsibility for letting public contracts of various kinds, and the impact this had on the Roman state and its economy. Chapter 6 focuses in more detail on the most significant and costly element of the censors' contracting duties – public works. It attempts to assess what contribution the censors made to the ever-changing face of the city of Rome, as compared to the other magistrates. Finally, Chapter 7 considers the lustrum, the sacred rite which closed each pair of censors' term in office. It asks both what the ceremony involved, and what its meaning and significance for the community might have been.

This study focused on cross-cultural leadership styles between the United States, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Italy to determine if any significant statistical differences in leadership style exist. It is a common belief that leadership styles vary according to cultural filters and expectations. Yet, this study failed to find support for this position. Perceived Leadership Scales and the Leadership Needs Assessment survey were adapted and modified to create a single online research instrument. The results, while tentative, found no significant differences between leadership styles in the United States, the United Kingdom and Italy. Utilizing online electronic surveys and internet related technologies the instruments were mailed to leaders of consulting firms engaged in poverty alleviation efforts in their homeland as well as in third world areas. Utilizing basic descriptive statistics the results were analyzed using SPSS. The conclusions from this study are drawn tentatively due to the small sample size and poor response rate as well as some methodological issues. Notwithstanding these concerns, however, the central conclusion of the study is that while it may be politically correct to assume there is a significant difference between leadership styles based on cultural norms and expectations filters, the data, at least in this limited study, does not support this assumption.

Habilitationsschrift--München. / Includes bibliographical references.

Proefschrift--Leiden. / Summary in Italian. Bibliography: p. [126]-135.

Tesi di laurea--Turin.

Akademisk avhandling--Gothenburg. / "Använda forkortningar" (bibliography) p. [v]-viii.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Toronto, 1992. / Reprint. University Microfilms order no. UMI00362140.