本論文的目的是確定中國新石器時代至青銅時代大型玉料開料片切割技術。玉是一種堅硬的石頭，在礦物學上只有軟玉和硬玉才是真正的玉。其他所有看似玉的珍貴石料由於包含不同的化學成分，故此只能被稱為美石。玉石工藝源於石器製作技術，當中包括打製和磨製技術。本論文集中於研究摩擦技術。片切割的運作是通過摩擦作用從而磨掉玉料的一部分。玉器上的三個常見的切割技術包含片切割，柔性線切割和旋轉切割（陀切割和鑽孔）。這些技術都應用在玉石和珍貴的美石 。中國考古出土大量的大型長薄片狀的玉器和珍貴的美石製品。這些成品，半成品和廢品都開展示出證據不同的切割技術的表現。然而，如何進行大型開料的片鋸切技術至今仍然沒有具系統性的說法。考古學家和科學家們都各自提出了不同的見解。 本文通過實驗考古片切割大型蛇紋石以及其他切割實驗比較與文獻研究，探討不同種類的切割技術。實驗結果與考古出土文物會進行比較和分析。此外，解玉砂和水在鋸切過程中發揮著重要的作用。提高工件的切割的效率，而水同時發揮降溫作用看到，以防止由不斷摩擦產生的過熱引起破損。這項研究還包括研究選定的帶有片切割跡的三星堆玉器標本。這些文物提供了一個很好的線索來比較從實驗考古所產生的切割痕跡。 / The purpose of this thesis is to determine how large-scale blade sawing on jade was performed during the Neolithic Period till the Bronze Age in China. Jade is an ornamental hard stone that specifically applied to nephrite and jadeite, the metamorphic rocks. Those look-a-like jade and other gemstones can only be called precious hard stones due to their different chemical components. Jade work originated from flint knapping techniques, which included percussion and rubbing of the lithic technology. This research concentrates particularly rubbing techniques. Blade sawing is an abrasive motion that through rubbing (polishing) which leads to part of workpiece being worn away. The three common sawing techniques on jade are blade cutting, string cutting and rotary cutting (wheel cutting and drilling). These techniques are applied to both jade and precious hard stones. The Chinese archaeological field works unearthed numerous of large-long-flat-thin shaped jade and precious hard stone artifacts. These finished artifacts, semi-finished items and debitages indicate the strong evidence of different sawing technique performances. However, how blade-sawing technique was performed still uncertain. Archaeologists and scientists suggested different methods. In order to examine large scale-blade sawing technique, this thesis through experimental archaeology on sawing serpentine to simulate the operation of large scale blade sawing along with literature review of other sawing experiments. Experiment results along with the archaeological context and distribution of artifacts are analyzed. Furthermore, sand, an abrasive agent, and water play important roles in the sawing process. Abrasives increase the effectiveness of sawing on workpiece, while water cool down the saw itself to prevent breakage caused by over heat from continuous rubbing. This research also includes studying the selected specimens from Sanxingdui Site with blade sawing evidence. These artifacts provide a good clue to compare the cut marks from the experimental object. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Cheung, Yu Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-103). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iii / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- : Jade Sawing --- p.1 / Chapter 1.0 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Definition of jade --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Nephrite --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Jadeite --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Serpentine / Chapter 1.2 --- Sawing and jade sawing --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Abrasives --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- A brief history of the studies of Chinese jades --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- The first stage --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- The second stage --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- The third stage --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- The previous studies of the Chinese jade works --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Mou YougKang / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Zhang JingGuo and Chen QiXian --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Tang Chung --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6 --- The previous studies of jade/stone works in rest of the world --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Asia-Pacific / Chapter 1.6.1.1 --- Indian / Chapter 1.6.1.2 --- Maoris --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Americas / Chapter 1.6.2.1 --- Aztecan --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.2.2 --- Mayan / Chapter 1.6.2.3 --- Costa Rican --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.2.4 --- Incan / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Middle East --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6.3.1 --- Mesopotamian / Chapter 1.6.3.2 --- Egyptian --- p.25 / Chapter 1.7 --- Methodology --- p.26 / Chapter 1.8 --- Thesis organization --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- : Blade Sawing Experiment on Serpentine --- p.31 / Chapter 2.0 --- Introduction / Chapter 2.1 --- Tested objects and equipment / Chapter 2.2 --- Experiment procedure --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The first cut / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The second cut --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Detachment and tested objects observation --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4 --- Experiment procedure (cont.) --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The third cut / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The fourth cut --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5 --- Results --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- : Studies of Jade Artifacts from Sanxingdui Site --- p.60 / Chapter 3.0 --- Introduction / Chapter 3.1 --- Assemblage --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Specimen from Pit 1 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Specimen from Pit 2 --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2 --- Statistical Presentation --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Length of specimens / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Width of specimens --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Thickness of specimens --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Relationship between length and width --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Relationship between length, width, and thickness --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3 --- Analysis and Discussion --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- : Conclusion --- p.93 / Chapter 4.0 --- Discussion and Conclusion / Bibliography --- p.96 / Bibliography of Chinese Text --- p.100 / Bibliography of Online Text --- p.102 / Chapter Appendix 1 --- Dimensions of Assemblages --- p.103

許曉東. / "2001年6月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (leaves 112-114) / 附中英文摘要. / "2001 nian 6 yue" / Xu Xiaodong. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 112-114) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 遼代玉器硏究的回顧與考古材料 --- p.（1) / Chapter 第一節 --- 硏究的緣起 --- p.（1) / Chapter 第二節 --- 硏究的回顧 --- p.（3) / Chapter 第三節 --- 考古材料 --- p.（6) / Chapter 第二章 --- 遼代玉器的製作與使用 --- p.（13) / Chapter 第一節 --- 玉器的製作 --- p.（13) / Chapter (1) --- 遼代手工業概況 --- p.（13) / Chapter (2) --- 多層次的生產組織形式 --- p.（18) / Chapter (3) --- 製作技術 --- p.（22) / Chapter 第二節 --- 玉器的使用 --- p.（22) / Chapter (1) --- 朝廷用玉 --- p.（23) / Chapter (2) --- 日常用玉 --- p.（27) / Chapter (3) --- 賞賜與貢奉 --- p.（29) / Chapter (4) --- 朝聘往來 --- p.（30) / Chapter (5) --- 佛教用玉 --- p.（32) / Chapter (6) --- 喪葬用玉 --- p.（33) / Chapter 第三章 --- 遼代玉器的形制分析與分期 --- p.（40) / Chapter 第一節 --- 形制分析 --- p.（40) / Chapter (1) --- 玉帶 --- p.（40) / Chapter (2) --- 碗 --- p.（43) / Chapter (3) --- 杯 --- p.（45) / Chapter (4) --- 瓶 --- p.（47) / Chapter (5) --- 盒 --- p.（48) / Chapter (6) --- 組佩 --- p.（49) / Chapter (7) --- 肖生玉器 --- p.（53) / Chapter (8) --- 帶T形、心形墜之項飾 --- p.（55) / Chapter (9) --- 胸飾與臂飾 --- p.（57) / Chapter (10) --- 分髮簪、珠鏈、瓔珞 --- p.（59) / Chapter (11) --- 轡飾 --- p.（60) / Chapter (12) --- 飛天、佛塔、舍利罐、斧錘形器、金剛杵、海螺、法輪 --- p.（61) / Chapter (13) --- 水盂、硯、圍棋子、臂韛、嘎拉哈 --- p.（64) / Chapter (14) --- 花冠形飾、葉形飾、彎月形飾、三角形飾片、玉竹節… --- p.（65) / Chapter (15) --- 璧、玦、環、勾雲形器、玉錢、帽形飾、器柄 --- p.（66) / Chapter 第二節 --- 分期 --- p.（67) / Chapter (1) --- 早期 --- p.（68) / Chapter (2) --- 中期 --- p.（69) / Chapter (3) --- 晚期 --- p.（70) / Chapter 第四章 --- 遼代玉器與唐、宋、金玉器之比較 --- p.（73) / Chapter 第一節 --- 遼代玉器之特色 --- p.（73) / Chapter (1) --- 選材 --- p.（73) / Chapter (2) --- 工藝 --- p.（74) / Chapter (3) --- 文化構成 --- p.（75) / Chapter 第二節 --- 與唐代玉器之比較 --- p.（75) / Chapter (1) --- 器形 --- p.（75) / Chapter (2) --- 玉雕工藝與表現技法 --- p.（79) / Chapter (3) --- 對金銀器的借鑒 --- p.（82) / Chapter 第三節 --- 與宋代玉器之比較 --- p.（83) / Chapter (1) --- 鏤雕、淺浮雕技藝的吸收 --- p.（83) / Chapter (2) --- 寫實藝術風格的借鑒 --- p.（85) / Chapter (3) --- 仿古器的製作 --- p.（86) / Chapter (4) --- 中原傳統吉祥意象的接受 --- p.（86) / Chapter 第四節 --- 與金代玉器之比較 --- p.（89) / Chapter (1) --- 雕刻技法 --- p.（89) / Chapter (2) --- 題材 --- p.（90) / Chapter 第五章 --- 相關問題的探討 --- p.（97) / Chapter 第一節 --- 玉器發展的新機遇 --- p.（97) / Chapter 第二節 --- 多元文化因素的融合與民族特色的淡化 --- p.（100) / Chapter (1) --- 多元文化因素的融合 --- p.（100) / Chapter (2) --- 民族特色的淡化 --- p.（104) / Chapter 第三節 --- 歷史定位 --- p.（106) / Chapter 第四節 --- 硏究展望 --- p.（108) / 附錄 / 附錄一參考書目 --- p.（1) / 附錄二遼、五代、北宋、金紀年對照表 --- p.（2) / 附錄三遼代出土玉器一覽表 --- p.（3~1) / 附錄四圖版目錄 --- p.（4) / 附錄五彩色圖版說明 --- p.（5~1) / 附錄六黑白圖版 --- p.（6~1) / 圖錄七彩色圖版 --- p.（7)

Despite of the historical significance of Six Dynasties (220--589)---a turbulent time between Han and Tang Dynasty---research on jades of the period remains a neglected overlooked topic. Short of systematic studies, our understanding of the functional change of jades from religious rituals to daily life and decoration is greatly lacking. The current thesis studies jades excavated from tombs and collected in museums, by identifying their dates, characteristics, and styles through comparison and stylistic analysis, and discusses the use of jades through three centuries of change. / The thesis begins with an introduction of important jade finds from 1949 to 2009, followed by three chapters (chapter 2--4) illustrating the jade culture of the Six Dynasties. Chapter 2 is a case study of a jade pendant set. This examination provides important implications on the stylistic origin and changes of jades in the Six Dynasties. Chapter 3 explores the cause of functional differences in jades produced and used by Chinese and non-Chinese people and their influences on Tang Dynasty jades. Chapter 4 discusses ingestion of jade as a religious quest for immortality under the impact of Daoism. The final chapter concludes the thesis with an investigation into the scarcity of jades from this period to define the significance of Six Dynasties jades in the broader history of Chinese jades. / 褚馨. / Adviser: Jenny F. So. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-206). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chu Xin.

Despite the fact that there has been an enormous amount of jades excavated from the Western Han tombs of Chu Princes, Xuzhou in Jiangsu province, little scholarly literature has been focused on these artefacts. Based on archaeological findings, this thesis selects some significant jade objects as the focus of attention, including jade pendants, jade vessels, jade weapons, jade suites and other burial jades. As the role and value of jade is varied in the hierarchy of material within different cultural and historical context, the changes in its functions and meanings, to some extent reflects the changes in politics, economy, and society. Through tracing their origins, the identity of the owners and examining the changes in material and society, this study attempts to reveal the cultural and social value embedded in these objects, and in doing so to reconstruct the changes in material concepts and aesthetic ideologies in the Han periods. / On the basis of the achievements have hitherto in Han jade study, the present study is expected to shed light on our understanding of tomb culture and its relation to the society from a broader and more comprehensive perspective. Aside from placing specific types of jade into an accurate period or investigating their functions and sources, this study will read the object by cross reference to ancient textual material. / Using jade, a particular category of art objects, as the point of entry, this study seeks to explore and question the issue of materiality and identity within the context of tomb art, and the wider issue of cultural and social practices in the Han Dynasty. / 林巧羚. / Submitted: 2010年11月. / Submitted: 2010 nian 11 yue. / Adviser: Jenny F. So. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 355-396). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lin Qiaoling.

1Lothar von Falkenhausen, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000-250 BC): The Archaeological Evidence (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, 2006). / Furthermore, differentiation of jades used among different social classes is also considered throughout these discussions. Finally, this research concludes with the discussion of the discourse of the existence of regional differences of jade from the Eastern Zhou period; the outcome of the "Restructuring" and the characteristics of jade excavated from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng. This research is the only in-depth study of the Marquis Yi's jades known to date and should fill a major gap thirty years after their excavation. / Lothar von Falkenhausen proposed that a political movement occurred around 600 B.C., which resembled the Late Western Zhou Ritual Reform (circa 850 B.C.). He entitled this movement "the Middle Springs and Autumns Ritual Restructuring." 1 This "Restructuring" was advocated by a group of rulers of local polities who wished to strengthen their newly established kingdoms and reinstate social order through the restoration of religious and ritual ceremonies of the Western Zhou period. The "Restructuring" was characterized by a shift of social hierarchy and a change in religious content which had significant impact on people's lives in Eastern Zhou society. The main intention of this research is to find out the characteristics of jades from the Eastern Zhou Period and their relationship with the "Restructuring". / The focus and starting point of this study is a group of jades excavated from the tomb of the Marquis Yi of Zeng (died 430 BC). This undisturbed tomb yielded nearly three hundreds pieces of jade; they were well preserved and were highly representative for their remarkable quality and workmanship. / The third section will look at the issues surrounding the use and understanding of archaic jades during this period. The "Restructuring" advocated the restoration of religious cult and ritual of Late Western Zhou period, which lead to the employment of archaic jade and motifs borrowed from bronzes as potent political symbol and legitimacy. The fourth section discusses the ways in which the emergence of new religious ideologies affected the manufacturing of jades for burial. The belief of the afterworld and the existence of soul affected the production of burial jades in terms of functions, form and style. These burial jades show that the religious transformation of the Qin and Han Dynasty was, in fact, originated during the Warring States Period. / This investigation proceeds from four major perspectives. The first section studies how the set of sumptuary rules in the ceremonial system established after the "Western Zhou Ritual Reform" have been restored by the ruling class after the "Restructuring". This research has revealed that a new ceremonial system has been established after the "Restructuring" to justify users' political and social status. The second section examines the changing roles of jade in everyday contexts after the "Restructuring", from the perspectives of its value, function, and significance in society. The research has shown that although the feudal system has collapsed gradually with rapid social mobilization, jades were mostly confined to the upper class during the entire Eastern Zhou period. Their marvelous craftsmanship and enormous size were used to display users' political power, extraordinary taste and wealth. / 邱嘉汶. / Adviser: Jenny F. So. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 255-315). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Qiu Jiawen.