Les émulsions de type huile-dans-eau jouent un rôle important lors des opérations de ré-injection des eaux de production (PWRI). Ce travail s'intéresse à l'écoulement /rétention de ce type d'émulsions en milieux poreux et à leur impact sur l'injectivité. Deux mécanismes fondamentaux sont distingué selon la valeur du Jamming ratio Jr (taille des restrictions /taille des gouttes): le dépôt dit de surface aux forts Jr et le «straining» (blocage, par le forces capillaires, d'une ou plusieurs gouttes à l'amont d'une restriction) aux faibles Jr.Ce document traite, d'abord, de la physicochimie du dépôt de surface. L'étude en fonction de différents paramètres, tels que la salinité et le débit, permis de décrire la structure et la cinétique du dépôt. Nous avons notamment mis en évidence la formation d'une monocouche compacte é gouttelettes individuelles et montré que la cinétique du dépôt vérifie les lois d'échelle développées pour les colloïdes. L'ensemble de nos résulta conforte la similarité de comportement entre les émulsions stables et diluées et les systèmes colloïdaux.Ensuite, le «straining» est mis en évidence et discuté en fonction des distributions en taille -des restrictions et des gouttes- et des valeurs du nombi capillaire.Enfin, nous avons établi que l'endommagement associé au dépôt de surface peut être très significatif et que les pertes d'injectivité sont prédictibles par une loi de Poiseuille modifiée. Pour le «straining», l'impact est encore plus sévère mais sa vitesse de propagation est plus lente.En conclusion, l'effet de ce type d'émulsion doit être pris en compte pour minimiser les risques et optimiser le schéma de réinjection. / The O/W emulsions are major actors in the operations of produced water reinjection (PWRI). This work focuses on the flow/retention of these specific emulsions in porous media and their impact on injectivity. Two fundamental mechanisms are considered according to the jamming ration Jr, that is to say the pore throat to droplet size ratio. At high Jr, surface retention is operative, whereas at small ones, it is the "straining" which describes the upstream clogging of a pore throat by one or more droplets because of the capillary forces.This report firstly targets the physicochemistry of the surface deposit. Several parameters were checked, such as salinity and flow rate, and allow us to descrïbe the deposit structure and the deposition kinetics. We evidenced the formation of a dense monolayer of individual oil droplets and showed that the deposition kinetïcs follows the scaling power laws initially developed for colloids. It clearly underlines the similar behaviour of stable emulsion anc other colloidal systems.Then, the straining was observed and discussed according to size distributions of botte droplets and pore throats and also according to the capillary number.Finally, we established that the injectivity losses caused by surface retention can be very significant and that they are predictable through a modified Poiseuille's law. Concerning the "straining", the impact is even more severe but its propagation rate is far smaller.To conclude, the effects of these emulsions have to be taken into account to minimise the risks and optimise the reinjection scheme.

Thesis (Master').

The disertation is focused on development and importance of the Czechoslovak desk of the Radio Free Europe in period between 1950 and 1994. This broadcasting have gained in time of strong censorship significant and till now unresearched importance. In February 1948 the Communist party took power in the Czechoslovakia. After that Czech and Slovak democratic politicians had left country to the West. They wanted to break the isolation of people living behind the Iron Curtain and promote restoration of democracy in their homeland. In 1949 was in the USA established the National Committee for Free Europe as fomally independent citizens association. As its most known activity had became the Radio Free Europe (RFE). This radio station had became an important tool for political strugle between two blocks in time of the Cold War. The basic qestion is what real position RFE broadcasting have reached in this struggle. The estabilishing of foreign broadcasting to the Czechoslovakia was very difficult task. RFE started its activity as exiles platform for purpose of liberation the Czechoslovakia from rule of the Communistic Party regime. The programming position of the RFE was in reality influented by american politicians and was depending on changing global political conditions as well. The unique position of...