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This thesis describes the manner in which the Japanese market for Pacific Northwest lumber grew over the last one hundred years. The description attempts to explain why British Columbia, which for many years was the under-dog in the Japanese market, suddenly and irrevocably took the lead from Washington and Oregon in 1961. The answer seemed to lie in B.C.'s marketing philosophy - the international marketing orientation - which geared her in practical terms for the export markets of the world generally and for Japan particularly. Manifestations of this marketing philosophy were first seen around 1934 when H.R. MacMillan, in spite of an ample and virtually guaranteed U.K. market, recognized the importance of keeping one foot in relatively slack markets like Japan. It was a question of increasing B.C.'s market share. Yet it took more than twenty-five years for the Province to bear the fruits of this orientation. There were good reasons for this time lag. Prior to 1961, except for a fifteen year period after the Great Japanese earthquake of 1923, Japan was a modest purchaser of Pacific Northwest lumber. The greater part of these lumber shipments were of large Douglas fir squares which Washington and Oregon were in a better position to supply. In the latter part of the decade of the 1950's, however, when large-sized Douglas fir was needed for the developing Pacific Northwest plywood industry, and when the booming Japanese economy needed more timber, the Japanese had to look for an alternative species. Hemlock was their choice and both British Columbia and the American Northwest had ample supplies of these resources. But whereas B.C., being geared to the export market, could economically cut unusual Japanese specifications, the American Northwest being geared to their domestic market could not. The Japanese bought U.S. logs instead of lumber for cutting to their requirements at home. Thus, by supplying Japan with their large demand for hemlock baby squares, B.C. surpassed Washington and Oregon. In recent retaliation, the Americans have passed legislation restricting the export of logs from their territory with the hope that the Japanese would buy more lumber from them. But this writer predicts that unless the lumbermen of the American Northwest adopt the international marketing orientation expounded upon in this thesis and gear themselves for the export market, then no amount of log export legislation can guarantee them their former ascendancy in the Japanese lumber market. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This thesis examines the development of Japanese economic interest in Canada between 1978 and 1988, with a special emphasis on multinational decision making. The paper takes an eclectic approach to the issue because the trends within different industrial sectors varied widely, from strong growth in forestry investment and trade to slow expansions of technological ties. As a result of the increasing importance of the United States and the European Economic Community in the eyes of Japanese managers, coupled with the decline of the energy crisis in mid decade, resource suppliers like Canada declined in relative importance to Japan during this period, although Japanese investment and trade here expanded steadily in real terms. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This paper is an attempt to look at the possibilities behind the federal government of Canada's proposal to create a new agency in the area of industrial export trade. According to the premises set down by the Government in its April 1980, Throne Speech, the initiative is primarily aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses in their efforts to penetrate foreign markets. It is natural for a government concerned with increasing competition abroad and rising unemployment in the industrial sector at home to start worrying about where industrial employment and overseas industrial markets are going to come from in the future. The wording of the Throne Speech and the policy studies undertaken prior to April 1980, regarding a potential national trading company seem to indicate that the Government had had the Japanese example of the trading house structure very much in mind, when closer study of such an enterprise was proposed, given Japan's thriving industrial sector and its successful export achievements. In the aftermath of the Throne Speech a Special Committee of the House of Commons was created in June of 1980 to further study the question of a future "National Trading Corporation." The Committee came down with its fourth and final report, Canada's Trading Challenge, in June of 1981, in which its basic recommendation after a year of deliberations was that "the federal government sponsor the development of a major Canadian trading corporation." This final conclusion by the Committee stands in direct contrast to evidence presented by witnesses before the Committee, and it seems to be an opinion reached by the Committee majority based on material and opinions obtained in addition to the briefs and the evidence gathered during the Committee's public hearings. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

A net shift analysis was used to analyze growth in employment and value added from 1954 to 1982 in SIC 2037, Frozen Fruits, Fruit Juices, and Vegetables. This analysis indicated that the Pacific Northwest dominated the growth experienced in this sector over this time period. Oregon's share of total U.S. employment in SIC 2037 increased from 7.3 percent in 1954 to 16.1 percent in 1982. Value added in Oregon was 16.1 percent of the U.S. total in 1982, and growth in both employment and value added was at a greater rate than the overall U.S. rate of growth in this sector. Washington's share of employment increased from 10.3 percent to 13 percent, and the share of U.S. total value added in this sector grew from 11 percent to 14.2 percent. Value added by the freezing of fruits and vegetables in Idaho increased to 10.3 percent of the U.S. total in 1982, and employment grew to a share of 10.5 percent, from 3.5 percent in 1954. An informal survey of executives in six food processing plants in Oregon suggested that expanding international export markets was essential to continued growth for this industry in the Pacific Northwest. A model of Japan's import demand of frozen vegetable products, specifically corn and potatoes, is estimated using data from 1978 through 1986 of real own price at the export site, Japanese consumer expenditures adjusted by Japan's CPI, and Japan's domestic production of frozen corn and potatoes. Commerce Department data on exports by Customs District was used to disaggregate import demand by region; namely Oregon, Washington, the two together as Pacific Northwest, and the total U.S. It was found that the demand for frozen corn imports is more responsive to changes in real own price than the import demand for frozen potatoes. Income elasticities were positive and higher for frozen potato import demand than for frozen corn demand, except for Oregon originating exports. Production in Japan of frozen corn has a higher negative impact on exports from Oregon ports than Washington based exports. Production of frozen potatoes in Japan did not have a negative impact on import demand from any of the four export sites. / Graduation date: 1989

No description available.

A 2 x 4 factorial design (cultural dyads x levels of cultural adaptation) is used to investigate the effect of cultural adaptation on attraction, outcomes, perceived compliment, and perceived trustworthiness when Americans sell to Japanese and Thais. This dissertation extends the research of Francis (1989, 1991) by taking into account the influence of collectivism, perceived status differential, similarity-attraction, and social identity. The curvilinear relationship found by Francis to exist between cultural adaptation and attraction when Japanese adapt to American norms and behaviors is not replicated by the experiments. Both Thai and Japanese subjects generally perceive Americans as having a higher status than themselves. They are not threatened by Americans’ adaptation to their cultural norms and practices. For Thai subjects, the relationship between cultural adaptation and attraction, outcomes, and perceived compliment appears to be monotonic positive. For Japanese subjects, the relationship reaches a plateau beyond moderate adaptation. The no adaptation condition is rated lower in perceived trustworthiness than is the substantial adaptation condition in both the Thai and the Japanese experiments, contradicting the findings of Francis.

A 2 x 4 factorial design (cultural dyads x levels of cultural adaptation) is used to investigate the effect of cultural adaptation on attraction, outcomes, perceived compliment, and perceived trustworthiness when Americans sell to Japanese and Thais. This dissertation extends the research of Francis (1989, 1991) by taking into account the influence of collectivism, perceived status differential, similarity-attraction, and social identity. The curvilinear relationship found by Francis to exist between cultural adaptation and attraction when Japanese adapt to American norms and behaviors is not replicated by the experiments. Both Thai and Japanese subjects generally perceive Americans as having a higher status than themselves. They are not threatened by Americans’ adaptation to their cultural norms and practices. For Thai subjects, the relationship between cultural adaptation and attraction, outcomes, and perceived compliment appears to be monotonic positive. For Japanese subjects, the relationship reaches a plateau beyond moderate adaptation. The no adaptation condition is rated lower in perceived trustworthiness than is the substantial adaptation condition in both the Thai and the Japanese experiments, contradicting the findings of Francis. / Business, Sauder School of / Marketing, Division of / Graduate

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of macroeconomic policy variables on bilateral trade between the United States and Japan. An auto-regressive distributed lag model is developed to estimate the effects of government economic policies on four commodity groups: agriculture; materials and chemicals; machinery and transport equipment; and manufactured goods. Results indicate that monetary policy significantly affects U. S. and Japanese imports of manufactured goods and transport equipment. The results also show that changes in government expenditure have a significant long-run effect on U.S. imports of manufactured goods and Japanese imports of materials and chemicals, while the long-run effects of income and exchange rates are significant for most commodity groups.

Increasing globalization and transnational trends in business have resulted in greater contact with people from different cultures. However, in any cross-cultural encounter, miscommunication and misunderstandings are likely to occur. In a workplace setting, these can seriously undermine job performance and employee relations. The Intercultural Sensitizer is a cross-cultural training tool that is designed to increase the likelihood that trained individuals will make accurate interpretations concerning behavior observed in individuals from other cultural groups (Albert, 1983) . The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to identify cultural differences between Americans and Japanese that can lead to misunderstandings in the workplace and hinder communication, and (2) to construct an intercultural sensitizer that will enable the two cultural groups to interact more effectively with each other. The study's five-phase research design was based on Albert's (1983) delineation of the construction of an intercultural sensitizer. Twenty-four episodes were constructed and statistically analyzed to determine if there was a difference in the way the two cultural groups responded to a given situation. Nine episodes yielded critical values significant at the .05 level. The study concluded that there while there are differences in the cultural perspectives of American and Japanese business professionals, the two groups also share common cultural assumptions. The study's findings have numerous implications for cross-cultural corporate training and higher education.