Parmi les technologies de solaire thermodynamique, la technologie du linéaire de Fresnel semble la plus adaptée aux régions d’Afrique Sub saharienne. Cela en raison de la simplicité de la technologie. C’est dans cette optique qu’un collecteur de type linéaire de Fresnel d’une superficie de 7,5 m² de miroirs a été construit au laboratoire énergies renouvelables et efficacité énergétique (LabEREE). La construction du collecteur s’est faite en utilisant en priorité les matériaux disponibles localement afinde rendre la technologie plus accessible aux populations locales et de réduire les coûts de fabrication. Des tests sont effectués sur le collecteur afin de déterminer ses rendements optiques, thermiques et globaux. Dans un premier temps, une revue bibliographie des différents collecteurs de type linéaire de Fresnel nous a permis d’identifier les variantes, de cette technologie, les plus adaptées au contexte dela région . Un modèle thermique et un modèle optique ont été mis en place comme outils de dimensionnement et d’optimisation du collecteur. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont été utilisés pour valider les différents modèles mis en place. Le rendement global du collecteur obtenu expérimentalement est de 21% et il a un facteur de concentration local de 6. / Among the different technologies of concentrated solar power plant, the linear Fresnel, thanks to its simplicity, appears the most adapted to rural area of Sub Sahara region. A linear Fresnel collector of 7.5 m² has been built in “laboratoire énergies renouvelables et efficacité énergétique (LabEREE)”. The collector have been designed using material available locally by local man power. This reduces the total cost of the technology and makes it affordable for local population. The collector has been characterized in order to find optical, thermal and global efficiencies. In first time, a review on different linear Fresnel collector allows finding the technology that is most adapted to the Sub-Saharan region. An optical and thermal model of the collector has been done as a tool for designing and optimisation. The experimental results enable to validate the different models done. The collector has an effective concentration factor of 6 and a global efficiency of 21%.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreia Fatima Zanette.pdf: 1763321 bytes, checksum: 2ac6f2e4fb36ec4d7935446c7ec228f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The search for renewable sources of energy had increased intensely through the last years. By this way, biofuels are starting to play an important role as an alternative in opposition to fossil fuels. Biodiesel can be obtained by a transesterification reaction of oils with a short alcohol chain. In this regard, the species Jatropha curcas has been showing many advantages due its good quality of its extracted oil, yet it does not rival with food production. The use of heterogeneous catalysts presents itself as a promising alternative to the homogeneous catalysts, reducing biodiesel production costs, because the process of separation of the reaction results is simpler, there s not soap production, besides the possibility of re-using the catalyst. In this sense, the objective of this study was to valuate the efficiency of the following heterogeneous catalysts: resins, zeolites, clays, hydrotalcites, aluminas, and niobium oxide in the esters of fatty acids production, using methanol and Jatrophas curcas oil as substrates. For this finality, were made experimentation in a batch reactor in order to reach the catalysts screening in the following operational conditions: oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:9, 6 hours of reaction, 5 % (w/w) catalysts, at 6 °C to 120 °C. Results showed that an increasing in the temperature conduces an increment in the reaction s efficiency. Were selected two catalysts that presented the highest efficiency: clayl KSF and the resin Amberlyst 15, the both are commercial catalysts. A DCCR 23 complete experimental planning was made with this both catalysts to maximize the percentage of esters in the reaction. Independent variables and valuated levels in the planning were: temperature between 80 °C and 180 °C, oil to methanol molar ratio at 1:4 to 1:14, and catalyst percentage of 1 to 20% (w/w). Reaction conditions for a maximum efficiency in esters were: oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:12, 5 % (w/w) of catalyst, 160 °C and 6 hours of reaction, for both catalysts, obtaining a percentage of 70 % for clay and 60 % for the resin. It was also made a study of these catalysts re-utilization in five successive experiments in a batch reactor in the optimized reaction conditions for the both catalysts. It was observed an efficiency decrease in the number of the catalyst using cycles. In the fifth cycle the reaction efficiency was 37,5 % with the clay KSF and 25,2 % with the resin Amberlyst 15. As well, was searched the characterization of the catalysts about the area and the diameter of their pores by means of nitrogen isotherms and the application of the BET and BJH methods, which identified that the products present microporous and mesoporous. Yet, experiments were made to obtain the reaction kinetics in a batch reactor in the optimized conditions of the reaction. A simplified kinetic model was proposed, which described the reaction kinetics nicely. / A busca por fontes renováveis de energia tem-se intensificado nos últimos anos. Desta forma, os biocombustíveis estão adquirindo um papel relevante como alternativa aos combustíveis fósseis. O biodiesel pode ser obtido pela reação de transesterificação de óleos com um álcool de cadeia curta. Neste cenário, a espécie Jatropha curcas tem mostrado vantagens pela boa qualidade do óleo extraído, além de não competir com a alimentação. O emprego de catalisadores heterogêneos apresenta-se como alternativa promissora aos catalisadores homogêneos, reduzindo os custos da produção de biodiesel, pois o processo de separação dos produtos da reação é mais simples, não há a formação de sabão, além da possibilidade de reutilização do catalisador. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos seguintes catalisadores heterogêneos: resinas, zeólitas, argilas, aluminas, hidrotalcitas e óxido de nióbio na produção de ésteres de ácidos graxos, utilizando metanol e óleo de pinhão manso como substratos. Para esse fim, foram realizados experimentos num reator batelada visando ao screening do catalisador nas seguintes condições operacionais: razão molar óleo:metanol de 1:9, 6 horas de reação, 5 % (m/m) de catalisador, nas temperaturas de 60 °C e 120 °C. Na temperatura de 60 °C o maior rendimento em ésteres foi de 18 %, e até 40 % na temperatura de 120 °C. Os resultados mostraram que um aumento na temperatura conduz a um incremento no rendimento da reação. Foram selecionados dois catalisadores que apresentaram o maior rendimento, a argila KSF e a resina Amberlyst 15, ambos catalisadores comerciais. Foi realizado um planejamento experimental completo DCCR 23 com estes dois catalisadores a fim de maximizar o teor de ésteres da reação. As variáveis independentes e níveis avaliados no planejamento foram: temperatura entre 80 e 180 °C, razão molar óleo:metanol de 1:4 a 1:14, e teor de catalisador de 1 a 20 % (m/m). As condições reacionais para um máximo de rendimento em ésteres foram: razão molar óleo:metanol de 1:12, 5 % (m/m) de catalisador, 160 °C e 6 horas de reação, para ambos os catalisadores, obtendo um teor de ésteres de 70 % para a argila e de 60 % para a resina. Também foi realizado um estudo da reutilização destes catalisadores em cinco experimentos consecutivos em um reator batelada nas condições reacionais otimizadas para os dois catalisadores. Observou-se um decréscimo do rendimento com o número de ciclos de utilização do catalisador. No quinto ciclo o rendimento da reação foi de 37,5% para a argila KSF e de 25,2 % para a resina Amberlyst 15. Também foi realizada a caracterização dos catalisadores quanto à área e o diâmetro dos poros por meio das isotermas de nitrogênio e aplicação dos métodos BET e BJH. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os materiais avaliados apresentam microporosos e mesoporosos.Também foram realizados experimentos para a obtenção da cinética da reação em um reator batelada nas condições otimizadas da reação. Um modelo cinético simplificado foi proposto, o qual descreveu satisfatoriamente a cinética da reação.

Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation physico-chimique de l'huile de Jatropha Curcas et sa capacité à remplacer l'huile minérale dans les transformateurs de puissance. Ce produit présente plusieurs avantages sur les autres huiles végétales comme l'huile de palme ou l'huile de colza, qui recommandent sa production et son utilisation. En effet, la plante de Jatropha Curcas peut être cultivée sur des sols pauvres à faibles précipitations, évitant ainsi d'utiliser des sols plus fertiles pour sa culture permettant ainsi aux petits exploitants de réserver leurs terres aux cultures de base. Cette plante peut pousser facilement dans des zones où les niveaux de précipitations annuelles sont nettement inférieures à celles requises par d'autres espèces telles que le colza, le tournesol, le soja, le maïs, le palmier à huile et d'autres. Elle peut être cultivée sur tous les types de sol en Indonésie, même sur des terres arides, dans de nombreuses régions de l'Indonésie orientale, inexploitées en raison des difficultés à planter d'autres cultures. En outre, l'huile de Jatropha Curcas est un produit non alimentaire. En faisant subir à l’huile de Jatropha Curcas brute une estérification à base alcaline avec de l'hydroxyde de potassium (KOH), on obtient de l’huile de méthylester de Jatropha Curcas (JMEO) dont la viscosité et l’acidité sont acceptables pour les équipements à haute tension en particulier pour les transformateurs de puissance. Les propriétés physico-chimiques et électriques de JMEO ont été mesurées ainsi que celles de l'huile minérale (MO) pour la comparaison. Pour les propriétés physico-chimiques, il s’agit de la densité relative, la teneur en eau, la viscosité, l'acidité, l'indice d'iode, la corrosivité, le point d'éclair, le point d'écoulement, la couleur, l'examen visuel, et la teneur en ester méthylique. Quant aux propriétés électriques, elles concernent la rigidité diélectrique sous différentes formes de tension (alternative, continu et choc de foudre), les phénomènes de pré-claquage et de claquage sous choc de foudre, les décharges glissantes sur les surfaces de carton comprimé, immergé dans JMEO et MO. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les tensions de claquage moyennes en continu et en choc de foudre des huiles JMEO et MO sont très proches ; la tension de claquage moyenne de JMEO est même plus élevée que celle de l'huile minérale (de type naphténique). La mesure des tensions de claquage des mélanges d'huiles «80% JMEO + 20% MO» et «50% JMEO et 50% MO» montrent que la tension de claquage du mélange «80% JMEO + 20% MO» est toujours supérieure à celle de l'huile minérale sous tensions alternative et continue. Cela indique que le mélange d'huile minérale et de JMEO avec un rapport de 20:80 ne dégrade pas ses performances. Le mélange d'huiles peut se produire lors du remplacement de l'huile minérale par JMEO dans les transformateurs installés et en exploitation. L'analyse des caractéristiques des streamers (la forme, le temps d'arrêt, le courant associé et la charge électrique) se développant dans les huiles JMEO et MO sous tension impulsionnelle de foudre, montre une grande similitude. Aussi, la longueur finale (Lf) et la densité des branches des décharges surfaciques se propageant sur le carton comprimé immergé dans l'huile de Jatropha Curcas de méthylester (JMEO) et de l'huile minérale (MO), sous tensions de choc de foudre positif et négatif (1,2/50 μs), pour deux configurations d'électrodes divergentes (électrode pointe haute tension perpendiculaire et tangente au carton, respectivement), sont fortement influencées par l'épaisseur du carton comprimé. Pour une épaisseur donnée, Lf augmente avec la tension et décroît lorsque l'épaisseur augmente. Lf est plus long lorsque la pointe est positive que lorsque la pointe est négative. Pour une tension et une épaisseur du carton comprimé donnée, les valeurs de Lf dans l’huile minérale et l’huile JMEO sont très proches. [...] / This work is aimed at the investigation of the physicochemical characterization of Jatropha Curcas seeds oil and its capacity to be an alternative option to replace mineral oil in power transformers. This product presents several advantages that recommend both its production and usage over those of other vegetable oils as crude palm oil and rapeseeds oil. Indeed, it may be grown on marginal or degraded soils avoiding thus the need to utilize those more fertile soils currently being used by smallholders to grow their staple crops; and it will readily grow in areas where annual rainfall levels are significantly lower than those required by other species such as palm oil, rape-seeds oil, sunflower oil, soybeans oil, corn oil and others. For instance, these plants can grow on all soil types in Indonesia, even on barren soil. The barren soil types can be found in many parts of eastern Indonesia that remain untapped because of the difficulty planted with other crops. Moreover, jatropha curcas oil is nonfood crops. Jatropha Curcas oil was processed by alkali base catalyzed esterification process using potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce Jatropha Curcas methyl ester oil (JMEO) has a viscosity and a acidity that are acceptable for high voltage equipment especially in power transformer. The physicochemical and electrical properties of JMEO were measured as well as those of mineral oil (MO) for comparison. The physicochemical properties cover relative density, water content, viscosity, acidity, iodine number, corrosivity, flash point, pour point, color, visual examination, and methyl ester content. Meanwhile the electrical properties cover dielectric strength under AC, DC and lightning impulse voltages, pre-breakdown / streamers under lightning impulse voltage, creeping discharge over pressboard immersed in JMEO and MO. The obtained results show that the average DC and lightning impulse breakdown voltages of JMEO and MO are too close, even the average AC breakdown voltage of JMEO are higher than that of mineral oil (napthenic type). The measurement of breakdown voltages of two oil mixtures namely “80% JMEO + 20% MO” and “50% JMEO and 50% MO” shows that the breakdown voltage of the first mixture (i.e., “80%JMEO+20%MO”) is always higher than that of mineral oil under both AC and DC voltages. This indicates that mixing 20:80 mineral oil to JMEO ratio does not degrade its performance. The mixing of oils can occur when replacing mineral oil by JMEO in installed transformers. The analysis of the streamers characteristics (namely; shape, stopping length, associated current and electrical charge) developing in JMEO and MO under lightning impulse voltages, shows that these are too close (similar). It is also shown that the stopping (final) length Lf and the density of branches of creeping discharges propagating over pressboard immersed in Jatropha Curcas methyl ester oil (JMEO) and mineral oil (MO), under positive and negative lightning impulse voltages (1.2/50 μs), using two divergent electrode configurations (electrode point perpendicular and tangential to pressboard), are significantly influenced by the thickness of pressboard. For a given thickness, Lf increases with the voltage and decreases when the thickness increases. Lf is longer when the point is positive than with a negative point. For a given voltage and thickness of pressboard, the values of Lf in mineral oil and JMEO are very close. It appears from this work that JMEO could constitute a potential substitute for mineral oil for electrical insulation and especially in high voltage power transformers.