A systematic research on aeroacoustics conducted around the world for the last few decades has revealed various inherent characteristics of the jet noise radiation. However, a lot more needs to be done for the theoretical as well as experimental predictions of various jet noise features based on actual flow details. The work reported in the present thesis is an attempt in this direction. A critical study of existing literature on jet noise shows that none of the general wave equations lends itself easily for predictions of all the jet noise features. It is shown that while LighthilPs classical acoustic analogy approach, with some reasonable approximations, can be used to yield most of the information needed by the engineers, the convected wave equations of Phillips and Lilley are required to study the acoustic radiation in what has come to be known as "Refraction valley" or "Cone of relative silence". The characteristics of the sound field of underexpanded cold jet impingement flows were studied by measuring the noise emanating from two convergent nozzles of throat diameter 2.5 mm and 5 mm each and a convergent - divergent nozzle of exit diameter of 6.49 mm, when the jet impinges on a flat plate kept perpendicular to the direction of the jet. The measurements were conducted upstream of the nozzle over an extensive envelope of jet operating conditions such as chamber stagnation pressure, mass flow rate through the nozzle and diameter of the nozzle. The source strength at the jet boundary was obtained by measuring acoustic pressure amplitude close to the jet contour assuming it as locally cylindrical. Particular attention was focussed on backward projection of the sound field on to a cylindrical surface. This is the application of acoustic holography to study the sound radiation in the audio frequency region. With the help of FFT and software developed for this purpose, the theoretical predictions using data from several cylindrical surfaces were compared. A detailed analysis of noise radiation from a cold sonic and supersonic free jet was also carried out. The experimental work involved the measurement of noise field from a 2.5 mm, 5 mm convergent and a convergent - divergent nozzle of exit diameter of 6.49 mm and area ratio 1.687 for designed Mach number of two. The experimental setup consisted essentially of a pressure chamber made of mild steel, designed to withstand 50 bar pressure. This chamber is a cylinder with dia 0.421 m and length 0.85 m. The nozzles were made of mild steel. Compressed air approximately at room temperature is supplied to the nozzle via a control valve. The measuring and recording instruments consists of B & K Microphones, Preamplifiers, Conditioning amplifier and a Mediator, which measure a Sound Pressure Level at a point. The nozzles were operated at pressure ratio upto 25 bar. The noise signal was processed through 12 channel data acquisition system. Acoustic pressure and SPL were" calculated using theoretical relations and software developed. Using this software Fast Fourier Transformations of raw signal was obtained from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Also constant SPL contour graphs were obtained. Source strength distribution at the jet boundary has been obtained by the principle of acoustic holography. Experimental values are closely matching with the results obtained by acoustic holography. The percentage error for acoustic pressure and SPL were less than 12%. The experimental results were used to obtain the source distribution in terms of gross jet parameters.

The effect of chamber length and Reynolds number on the stability and behavior of the flow field generated by a precessing jet nozzle was studied using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (StereoPIV). An algorithm was developed to determine the mode of the flow based on the distribution of axial velocity. The optimal chamber length for precession to occur was found to be between 2 and 2.75 chamber-diameters. There is no precession at a chamber length of one diameter, and the occurrence of precession was found to be strongly related to Reynolds number. Conditionally averaged velocity distributions for the flow in precessing mode were calculated. The effect of initial condition on downstream behavior of axisymmetric jets was examined. Variations in spread and decay rates were found for jets issuing from different nozzles. Self-similar solutions for axisymmetric jets are therefore not universal, and are instead dependent upon initial conditions at the source.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003. / "MBA professional report"--Cover. Joint authors: Robert K. DeGuzman Jr., Thomas S. Fulford III, Jesse E. Porter Sr. Thesis advisor(s): Donald R. Eaton, Kevin R. Gue, Mary A. Malina. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73). Also available online.

No description available.

The basis of mixing ventilation is the airflow supply to the room by means of jets initiatedfrom the ventilation diffusers. To avoid the draught problem, the design of mixing ventilationmakes uses the throw term, which is defined as the distance to the supply air terminal inwhich the jet centreline mean velocity is decreased to a given value. Traditionally, the throw ismeasured by the supply air device manufacturer. The throw is applied by designers to estimatethe velocity levels in the occupied zone. A standard for determining the throw is the CENstandard CEN/TC156/WG4 N86 "Draft Standard. Air terminal Devices. AerodynamicsTesting And Rating For Mixed Flow Application".The measurement of the throw is very time consuming even with the free jets and theinfluence of the room (the effect of confinement) is not considered. The objective of thepresent study is to give a basis for modifying the existing design and testing method used topredict the velocities in the occupied zone during the design process. A new method whichmay probably be more easier than the existing methods and at the same time give a betterprecision by including the confinement effect.In this thesis two methodological systems of experiment and numerical simulations have beenused. The numerical predictions are used in comparison with the measurements. Thereasonable agreement of the above mentioned methods is implemented to numerical study ofthe other room configurations which are not experimentally studied. This examining methodallows the possibility of studying a lot of configurations and in this manner generalising of theresults. Although the experimental part was made for both model-scale and full-scale testrooms, a large amount of data was obtained for a new test room whose dimension aresystematically varied. All of studies have been made for the isothermal case and themeasurements of velocities and pressures conducted along the room perimeters. The effect ofshort and deep rooms on the properties of the jet ( velocities, pressure, integral scale, jetmomentum, the rate of spreading of jet and turbulence intensities) have been carried out.Some old and recent investigations have been examined. Specially the concept of correlationsfrom open to closed rooms is criticised. It is also shown that the flow field in a confined roomis affected by many other factors than the Reynolds number. The surface pressure on theperimeters was used to calculate the reaction forces at the corners which causes recirculatingbubbles at corners. A study of the turbulent axisymmetric jet which is the basic element inturbulent shear flows and some restrictions of the traditional measurement techniques at theregion of interest in ventilation applications are discussed. The jet momentum is measured byweighing on a balance. Also a study of jets which collide with a wall , that is impinging jet,the effect of walls and confinement on the jet momentum have experimentally andnumerically been carried out. A new momentum balance model was developed for both thefree jet and confined one. An empirical relation has been found for estimation of the room’srotation centre which is used for validation of CFD results.Finally, it is found that the jets in a ventilated room which are a combination of free jet, walljet and impinging jet differ from the traditional wall jets. The rate of spreading of the jet andthe maximum velocity decay in a ventilated room are also different depending on the roomsize and its confinement.

This thesis deals with the evaluation of the actual utilisation of business jet aircraft. The focus is based on actual utilisation of business jet aircraft for airlines, with vision for another possible utilisation, which is described on example study.

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Vätgas är en energibärare som kan vara en av pusselbitarna i omställningen till en mer klimatneutral värld. Infrastrukturen byggs ut, industrin växer och vätgasfordon blir vanligare. Vätgas är ett ämne med de bra egenskaperna att det kan lagra kemisk energi och från förnybar el tillverkas med elektrolys, men det har också den riskabla egenskapen att det är mycket brandfarligt. Vid läckage av vätgas finns risken att en jetflamma med höga temperaturer uppstår vilket påverkar omgivningen där det sker. Standarder för jetbrandtester är idag baserade på tester med propan, men då vätgas har andra egenskaper behövs ökad kunskap för att minska riskerna vid olyckor. Studien syftar till att via litteraturstudier samla information om storskaliga jetbrandtester, vilken utrustning som används, hur material påverkas av jetflammor och vilka standarder som finns för jetflammor och jetbrandtester. Ett av syftena är också att med intervjustudie ta reda på hur räddningstjänsten i Luleå ser på utvecklingen av vätgasinfrastruktur och om de har några rutiner för olyckor med vätgas. Det finns en vision vid Luleå tekniska universitet att det i framtiden ska finnas en anläggning för att utföra jetbrandtester av vätgas och andra bränslen i Luleå. Studien syftar därför också till att via intervju ta reda på om räddningstjänsten i Luleå skulle ha någon användning för en sådan anläggning. Jetbrandtester kan enligt standarden SS-ISO 22899-1:2021 utföras i mindre skala med propan som bränsle och ändå ge liknande resultat som vid storskaliga jetbrandtester med naturgas. Jetbrandtestet utförs för att testa brandmotstånd genom integritet (E) och isolerande förmåga (I) för passiva brandskyddsmaterial som används till rör, paneler, konstruktionsstål och rör- och kabelgenomföringar. Testerna utförs enligt standarden med utrustning såsom munstycke, åter-cirkuleringskammare, skyddskammare, med mera. Enligt standarden SS-ISO 22899-1:2021 träffas testobjektet vid ett jetbrandtest med en jetflamma av propan på 1 meters avstånd. Det korta avståndet medför att propanet inte fullt hinner förbrännas vilket skapar temperaturskillnader på testobjektets yta när det träffas av flamman. Det bildas en ”kall” och en ”varm” zon på ytan där den ”kalla” zonen är den punkt som i direkt kontakt med jetflamman utsätts för mekanisk kraft i form av erosion. För vätgas hinner flamman stabilisera sig på en meters avstånd vilket gör att testobjektet träffas av en fullt utvecklad flamma och därför både utsätts för termiska laster i form av en enhetlig ”varm” zon och mekaniska laster i form av erosion. Denna skillnad kan göra att passiva brandskyddsmaterial vid jetflammor av vätgas inte klarar av att upprätthålla det krav på brandmotstånd som ställs. Detta är främst aktuellt att undersöka för reaktiva passiva brandskyddamaterial då de är mer känsliga för erosion än icke-reaktiva passiva brandskyddsmaterial. Om så är fallet att passiva brandskyddsmaterial inte klarar av att motstå jetflammor av vätgas lika bra som för propan kanske en standard för jetbrandtester med vätgas skulle behöva tas fram. Det kan vid intervjun med PärJohan Fredrickson som är sektionschef för myndighetsutövningen vid Luleå räddningstjänst konstateras att de verkar vara väl informerade om utvecklingen av vätgasinfrastrukturen och att de har varit delaktiga i vätgasfrågor sedan några år tillbaka. De har samarbeten med andra räddningstjänster och de försöker tidigt vara med i dialogen när nya processer och verksamheter utvecklas. De har i dagsläget inte några operativa övningar med jetflammor av vätgas men de arbetar förebyggande genom att ta fram insatsplaner tillsammans med de industriella verksamheter som hanterar vätgas. De kan från ett förebyggande perspektiv se hur räddningstjänsten kanske skulle kunna ha användning av en anläggning för att genomföra jetbrandtester med vätgas. Men om det finns något operativt behov behöver vidare utredas med personal på räddningstjänsten som arbetar inom de operativa resurserna. / Hydrogen is an energy-carrier that can be a piece in the change for a climate neutral world. The infrastructure and industry expand, and hydrogen vehicles becomes more common. Some good characteristics with hydrogen are that it from renewable energy can be produced through electrolysis and store chemical energy, but it also has the risky characteristic that its very flammable. If hydrogen gas would leak from a container there is the risk of a jet flame with high temperatures that can affect the surroundings. Today’s standards for jet fire testing are based on propane gas, but because hydrogen has so many different characteristics there might be a need for more knowledge to prevent risks and accidents. Through a literature study this report aims to gather information about large scale jet fire testing, what equipment that is used, how materials react to jet flames, and what standards that are current for jet fire testing and jet flames. A purpose is to through an interview-study figure out how the rescue service in Luleå sees on the development in hydrogen infrastructure and if they have any routines for accidents with hydrogen. Luleå University of Technology has a vision to in the future have a facility in Luleå where they can perform jet fire testing with hydrogen and other flammable fuels. One purpose of the study is therefore to interview the rescue service in Luleå to investigate if they would have any interest in such facility and what use they could have of it. According to the standard SS-ISO 22899-1:2021, jet fire tests with propane gas can be performed in a smaller scale and still give similar results as for large scale jet fire tests with natural gas. The jet fire test is performed to determine the fire resistance regarding integrity (E) and isolating capacity (I) for passive fire protection materials that are used for pipes, panels, structural steelwork, and pipe penetration seals. The gear that is used for the tests are a nozzle, flame re-circulation chamber, protective chamber etc. A propane flame hits the object of testing from 1 meter according to the standard. Because of the short distance, the propane flame does not reach full combustion which leads to a temperature difference on the object of testing that is encountered with the jet flame. A “cold” and “hot” zone is therefore created at the surface where the “cold” zone appears at the center core of the jet flame. At this core, the object of testing is exposed to a higher mechanical force in terms of erosion than other parts of the object. For hydrogen the jet flame stabilizes in 1 meter which changes how the flame affects the object of testing. The object is instead hit by a fully combusted jet flame that exposes it to high thermal load with a uniform “hot” zone and mechanical load of erosion. That difference could change how passive fire protection (PFP) materials are able to resist jet flames with hydrogen as the tests for PFP materials are done with propane. This would mainly be topical for reactive PFP materials as they are more sensitive to erosion than non-reactive PFP materials and a standard for jet fire tests with hydrogen may become relevant if PFP materials fail to maintain the requirements that are set for propane. The interview with section manager PärJohan Fredrickson that works at Luleå rescue service shows that Luleå rescue service seems to be well informed about the development of hydrogen infrastructure. Since a few years back they have been involved with questions relating to hydrogen, they have collaborations with other rescue services around the country and they try to get involved as early as possible when new processes and operations are formed. They do not seem to do any exercises where they train for jet fire accidents with hydrogen involved but they are working to prevent accidents with hydrogen. Action plans has been and are being developed together with the operations that are handling the hydrogen. The rescue service could from a preventive perspective have a use of a facility for jet fire testing with hydrogen. But it must be further investigated if there is an operative need to use such a facility.

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No description available.