With the growing power dissipation and more densely packed circuits, the issue of efficient thermal management has become crucial. The safe and reliable operations of microchips have a requirement on a junction temperature below 85??C. In order to meet the heat dissipation requirement at the level of 1 MW m???? of the next generation microchips, a new cooling approach has been proposed by combining the merits from forced convection in the microchannel and the synthetic jet impingements. A parametric study has been carried out on the operating conditions on the synthetic jet actuator, these parameters including: the frequency of the diaphragm in the actuator, the jet outlet velocity both in magnitude and the wave shape as well as the pressure difference between the channel two ends. It was found that these parameters have combined effect on the flow structure as well as the heat transfer rate in the microchannel. When the average jet velocity was at 2.36 ms??¹(Rej= 130), with a fixed pressure difference at 750 Pa, the maximum temperature in the silicon wafer has been reduced to about 343 K at both 560 and 1120 Hz, which was 2 K lower than when 280 Hz was used. However when the average jet velocity was increased by 50 %, the optimal heat transfer then occurred at 1120 Hz, the maximum temperature was reduced to 337 K, with 4 K and 5K difference of 280 and 560 Hz, respectively. Furthermore when the average jet velocity was doubled from Rej= 130, the frequency at 280 Hz achieved the lowest maximum temperature in the wafer at 336 K that was 5 K and 3 K lower than 560 Hz and 1120 Hz. The flow temperature in the actuator is an important factor which affects the heat transfer in the microchannel. In order to lower the cavity temperature and avoid the ingestion of the already mixed flow, the time portion of the ingestion and ejection phases has been altered, by reducing the ejection time and increasing the ingestion time. However this approach did not show any significant effect in the heat transfer process or decreasing the flow temperature in the cavity. However in a later study by increasing the pressure difference across the channel, the flow temperature in the cavity has been substantially reduced and the heat transfer in the channel changed significantly according to the flow structure. It was found that the high pressure in the channel could deliver the vortical structure to the hotter part of the wafer thus decreasing the maximum temperature in the silicon effectively, especially when high jet velocity was used. When high jet velocity has been used, irregular variation of the flow was found The unrepeatable feature of the flow is related to the frequency, jet velocity as well as the channel pressure difference.

Ablation controlled electrothermal (ET) plasma discharge devices consist of a small diameter capillary through which a large amount of energy is discharged. The high energy in the discharge ablates an inner sleeve material, ionizes the material, and a high energy-density plasma jet accelerates out the open end. ET devices can find applications in internal combustion engines, Tokamak fusion fueling and stabilization, hypervelocity launchers, and propulsion. The ballistic properties of an ET device are highly dependent on the propellant and ablated material. A useful noninvasive technique to characterize a propellant in these types of devices is spectroscopy. The purpose of this study is to design and conduct experiments on the ET facility called PIPE to verify results and assumptions in the ETFLOW simulation code as well as resolve data collection issues such as equipment triggering as spectrometer saturation. Experiments are carried out using an Ocean Optics LIBS2500plus high resolution spectrometer and a Photron FASTCAM SA4 high speed camera. Electron plasma temperatures are estimated using copper peaks in the UV region with the relative line intensity method, and electron plasma density is estimated by measuring the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the stark broadened H--β line at 486 nm. Electron temperatures between 0.19 eV and 0.49 eV, and electron densities between 4.68*1022 m-3 and 5.75*10²² m⁻³ were measured in the expanding plasma jet about an inch outside the source with values as expected for this region. Velocity measurements of PIPE match well with simulations at around 5333 m/s. This study concluded that the assumption that the propellant Lexan is completely dissociated is a valid assumption, and that the ETFLOW results for electron temperature, density, and bulk plasma velocity match experimental values. / Master of Science

En este estudio se han construido dos diferentes instalaciones para investigar primero los chorros de gas horizontales y en segundo lugar los chorros verticales de agua que impactan sobre superficies libres de fluido, también se ha desarrollado un modelo numérico integral para predecir las trayectorias de estos jets y sus parámetros más importantes, validándose con los resultados experimentales obtenidos. En la primera parte de este trabajo, se han realizado experimentos para investigar el comportamiento de chorros de gas horizontales penetrando en agua. Los resultados experimentales indicaron que la longitud de penetración de los chorros de gas está fuertemente influenciada por el diámetro de la boquilla y el número de Froude, así como con el flujo de masa de de entrada y su momento. Aumentar el número de Froude y el diámetro del inyector lleva a aumentar la inestabilidad de jet. Además, la máxima ubicación antes de jet pinch-off se muestra que mantiene una relación logarítmica con el número de Froude para todos los diámetros de jet. Se han desarrollado correlaciones empíricas para predecir estos parámetros. Se ha desarrollado un modelo basado en la integración de las ecuaciones de conservación para que resulte útil en el diseño de aplicaciones en las que participen chorros horizontales así como para asistir a la investigación experimental. Las predicciones del modelo integral se comparan con los datos de los datos experimentales obtenidos con muy buenos resultados. En la segunda parte de este trabajo, se realizaron una serie de experimentos con de chorros de agua, inyectados verticalmente hacia abajo, a través de toberas circulares que impactan sobre una superficie de agua. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la profundidad de penetración de la burbuja disminuye con la longitud del chorro, pero que después de ciertas condiciones se mantiene casi constante. Además ésta aumenta con los diámetros de la boquilla y la velocidad del chorro. La velocidad de arrastre / Harby Mohamed Abd Alaal, K. (2012). Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Characteristics of Submerged Horizontal Gas Jets and Vertical Plunging Water Jets in Water Ambient [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/18065 / Palancia

No description available.

Kraft recovery boiler smelt is shattered into small droplets by an impinging steam jet to prevent smelt-water explosions in the dissolving tank. Inadequate shattering increases the likelihood of dissolving tank explosions. While industry has not dedicated much effort to smelt shattering, the safety implications require smelt shattering to be studied in detail. An experimental set-up was constructed to simulate the shattering operation using a water-glycerine solution and air instead of smelt and steam respectively. The objective was to examine how physical properties and flow characteristics affect shattering. It was found that increasing shatter jet velocity greatly reduced droplet mean diameter. Increasing the liquid flow rate greatly increased droplet size, as expected. Shattering was not significantly affected by viscosity, unless a weak shatter jet was used on a highly viscous fluid. Increasing the proximity of the shatter jet nozzle decreased droplet size.

Kraft recovery boiler smelt is shattered into small droplets by an impinging steam jet to prevent smelt-water explosions in the dissolving tank. Inadequate shattering increases the likelihood of dissolving tank explosions. While industry has not dedicated much effort to smelt shattering, the safety implications require smelt shattering to be studied in detail. An experimental set-up was constructed to simulate the shattering operation using a water-glycerine solution and air instead of smelt and steam respectively. The objective was to examine how physical properties and flow characteristics affect shattering. It was found that increasing shatter jet velocity greatly reduced droplet mean diameter. Increasing the liquid flow rate greatly increased droplet size, as expected. Shattering was not significantly affected by viscosity, unless a weak shatter jet was used on a highly viscous fluid. Increasing the proximity of the shatter jet nozzle decreased droplet size.