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Jojoba cuttings were fertilized during rooting under mist. Rooted cuttings were evaluated for growth and element concentrations. Also investigated were: CO₂ exchange during rooting; media, light and nutrition effects on nursery growth; and nutrition effects on field establishment. Fertilizer formulations used were: Peter's soluble, Osmocote, IBDU, and SCU. Rooting was depressed at 5.46 kg m⁻³ IBDU. High rates of either Osmocote or Peter's increased root weights over controls in spring. Osmocote-treated cuttings were greater than controls in nodes, fresh weight and succulence. Initial leaf concentrations of N, P and K were lower in spring than in summer and greater at lining-out for fertilized cuttings. Leaf N and K were positively related to root and shoot growth in spring and to shoot growth in summer. Leaf Zn was positively related to shoot and root growth in spring. Treatment differences in leaf element concentrations vanished after 3 months in the nursery. Differences in growth persisted for up to six months. Fertilization during rooting did not effect CO₂ exchange processes. Apparent photosynthesis (AP) declined until rooting and then rose with root growth as did root respiration. Dark respiration (Rd) dropped to a stable rate and did not increase as fast as AP upon rooting. During rooting AP, Rd and leaf succulence were well correlated. New nodes for liners grown in media with air porosities of 18.5 and 27.6 percent were equivalent. Nodes, fresh and dry weight, leaf area and specific leaf weight were greater for sun-grown than for 50 percent shade-grown liners. Shade-grown liners were more succulent. Plants grown in Osmocote amended media produced more nodes, leaves and flowers than did controls. Plants unfertilized during rooting grew fastest when grown with Osmocote in the nursery media, but were smaller at 3 months than plants fertilized during roots. Field survival after five months was not significantly affected by nutritional treatments. Growth after transplanting was significantly greater for plants fertilized in the nursery. Rooting stage fertilization is beneficial if plants are not held too long in the nursery. Nursery stage nutrition is very important for good stand establishment and growth of jojoba transplants.

A survey of leaf mineral concentration of cultivated jojoba was conducted by selecting male and female plants of varying sizes. Mineral concentrations in jojoba were within the expected range for most cultivated plants. Nitrogen, P and Zn were higher in young leaves but K, Ca, Mg, Na and Mn were higher in old leaves. Iron and Cu were similar in old and young leaves. The order of jojoba leaf concentration was: N>K>Ca>Mg>Na>P and Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. Soil macronutrients, Mn and Cu were adequate for jojoba growth but zinc and Fe were lower than accepted critical values for most crops. For a better understanding of jojoba mineral nutrition, a second experiment was conducted in greenhouse sand culture. Levels of 0, 4, 10, 50, and 100 ppm N in solution culture were evaluated on growth, N and P leaf concentration. Fifty ppm of solution N was adequate for optimum vegetative growth, shoot dry weight production and shoot N concentration (1.96 %) of jojoba plants. Nitrogen was higher in young (2.52%) than old leaves (1.52%) and increased with increments of N rates, as did shoot dry weight, shoot N and shoot P concentrations. Root dry weight did not change with N treatment levels but root N concentration increased with rate. Jojoba plants under field conditions are subjected to water stress and little information is available regarding the effect on leaf mineral concentration. Therefore, a greenhouse sand culture experiment was conducted to study irrigation fequencies of 3 min once every: 1) 2 hr for 10 hr/day, 2) day, 3) other day and 4) 4 days on growth of two clones and foliar, shoot and root N and P concentrations. Also, leaf water potentials were monitored. Vegetative growth increments were similar among treatments but treatment 3 resulted in statistically greater shoot and root dry weight. Leaf N concentration was similar among treatments but root N increased with greater moisture stress. Shoot P concentrations decreased with increasing water stress but root P did not show any pattern. The threshold leaf water potentials for jojoba growth cessation was in the range of -3.0 to -3.5 Mpa.

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Two defatted jojoba seed meals were prepared; one using whole seeds (JM), and the other from which seed coats were removed prior to extraction of the oil (DJM). The protein content of both meals was about 24%. The proteins from JM and DJM were extracted according to their solubility in water, dilute saline, alcohol, and alkali solutions. These extractions produced the albumin, globulin, prolamine and glutelin protein concentrates. The major concentration of proteins in jojoba were the albumin (65%) and globulin (21%) fractions. The amino acid compositions of both JM and DJM were found to be very similar. Methionine was the limiting amino acid in jojoba seed proteins. The protein composition was determined, and the molecular weight was estimated through chromatographic analysis using gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and CM-Sephadex. At least 5 separate protein fractions in each of the albumin and globulin concentrates and 8 separate protein fractions in each of the prolamine and glutelin concentrates were found. The molecular weights of jojoba protein concentrates varied from 19,000 to 150,000 for albumins, from 18,000 to 128,800 for globulins, from 11,700 to 141,200 for prolamines, and from 29,500 to 150,000 for glutelins. All protein concentrates showed very good fat absorption and solubility at values of pH below 3.0 and above 4.0. Albumins and globulins showed very good foamability and emulsion properties. The prolamine and glutelin concentrates showed very poor foamability and emulsion properties. The buffering capacity of jojoba protein concentrates was very low.

A pneumatic harvesting method for jojoba seed was investigated. By constructing a stationary experimental unit, the motion of jojoba seeds and stones, which were close in size and weight to seeds, were examined under the effect of positive, negative, and a combination of both pressures. It was determined that there was a reasonable difference in the motion depending upon test conditions and head design. A vacuum head was designed based on the observations and data obtained from the experiments. Using this head it was possible to pick up jojoba seed without picking up stones. A nonstationary unit was constructed to examine the effect of ground speed on picking efficiency. Results showed that a cleaner harvest using a normal ground speed can be obtained with the new head than with conventional equipment. A blowing head was added to windrow seeds and increase the capacity of the machine. It was determined that when the two heads were used together harvesting field capacity increased, however reduced efficiency was found.

Excerpted from the Foreword: The first International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses was held at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, June 1 -3, 1972. This meeting, arranged by the University of Arizona, Division of Continuing Education and Office of Arid Lands Studies and sponsored by the Indian Division, Office of Economic Opportunity, included two days devoted to conference papers and discussion and a one -day field trip to Superior, Arizona to see natural stands of jojoba. The purpose of the conference was to bring together scientists and technologists interested in jojoba and its potentialities for production of useful products. The conference was aimed toward a full discussion of available information on previous investigations on the plant itself, on chemistry of the seed, utilization of the wax contained in the seed, problems involved in the collection of seeds and production under cultivation.

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