Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 20, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 190-196).

唐聰聰. / "2005年7月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(leaves 89-116). / "2005 nian 7 yue". / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Tang Congcong. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 89-116). / Chapter 1. --- 導言 --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- 文獻綜述 --- p.7 / Chapter ´Ø --- 『議程設置』理論的提出 --- p.7 / Chapter ´Ø --- 『議程設置』理論的發展 --- p.11 / Chapter ´Ø --- 『議程設置』的質疑 --- p.15 / Chapter ´Ø --- 『媒體議程』設置的影響因素硏究 --- p.19 / Chapter 3. --- 硏究問題 --- p.25 / Chapter 4. --- 硏究方法 --- p.29 / Chapter ´Ø --- 參與式觀察 --- p.29 / Chapter ´Ø --- 深度採訪 --- p.36 / Chapter ´Ø --- 個案分析 --- p.37 / Chapter 5. --- 硏究發現 --- p.39 / Chapter ´Ø --- 媒體內部及媒體之間的『媒體議程』設置過程、特點 --- p.39 / Chapter ´Ø --- 在整個媒體環境中的『媒體議程』設置過程、特點 --- p.54 / Chapter ´Ø --- 應用理論模型分析『媒體議程』設置的影響因素 --- p.59 / Chapter ´Ø --- 個案分析 --- p.75 / Chapter 6. --- 結論 --- p.81 / Chapter ´Ø --- 『媒體議程』的設置過程 --- p.81 / Chapter ´Ø --- 『媒體議程』設置過程的特點 --- p.81 / Chapter ´Ø --- 『媒體議程』設置過程的影響因素及影響因素 --- p.84 / Chapter 7. --- 討論與不足 --- p.86 / Chapter 8. --- 參考和閱讀書目 --- p.89 / Chapter 9. --- 附錄：深度採訪名單 --- p.117

Yin, Xiani. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Institutional Background of the Political Control of Chinese Media --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Data and Sample Selection --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1 --- Data source --- p.24 / Chapter 4.2 --- Sample selection --- p.25 / Chapter 4.3 --- News collection --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Summary Statistics --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Methodology --- p.33 / Chapter 6.1 --- Event study --- p.33 / Chapter 6.2 --- Using CAR to calculate the overall market response after earnings announcement --- p.36 / Chapter 6.3 --- Measuring announcement date effects on stock performances --- p.36 / Chapter 6.4 --- Measuring news effect using CAR and Statistical Inference --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Empirical Results --- p.39 / Chapter 7.2 --- Overall market response after the earnings announcement --- p.42 / Chapter 7.3 --- Market reaction to official earnings announcements --- p.43 / Chapter 7.4 --- Market reaction to news report ´ؤ event study --- p.44 / Chapter 7.5 --- Differentiate higher circulation news effects on the market from lower circulation news --- p.47 / Chapter 7.6 --- Differentiate regional publications news effects on the market from national publications news --- p.48 / Chapter 7.7 --- Relationship between the number of news items and Cumulative Abnormal Return --- p.49 / Chapter 7.8 --- Relationship between “news influence coefficient´ح and Cumulative Abnormal Return: --- p.51 / Chapter 7.9 --- "Relationship between “news influence coefficient´ح, CAR, and number of restructuring activities in the second year" --- p.53 / Chapter 7.10 --- "Relationship between the number of restructuring activities, CAR, different news influence coefficient, and the third year ROE change" --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.57 / Tables --- p.61 / Table 1 Summary Statistics on Basic Information of the Sample --- p.61 / Table 2 Summary Statistics on ROE Change --- p.61 / Table 3 Two-sample Mean Comparison Test of the Earnings Performance Between the Subgroup with Negative News and the Subgroup Without Negative News --- p.62 / Table 4 Statistics about the number of restructuring activities of the companies with negative news --- p.63 / Table 5 Daily Average CAR over Different Periods --- p.64 / Table 6 Two-sample Mean Comparison Test --- p.65 / Table 7 Average Abnormal Returns From 3 Days Before Announcement to 10 Days After Announcement --- p.66 / Table 8 Abnormal Returns on the First Headline News Date and First Negative News Date --- p.67 / Table 9 Cumulative Abnormal Returns 10 Days After the First Headline News and First Negative News in a Clean Comparison --- p.68 / Table 10 Cumulative Abnormal Returns 10 Days After the First Headline News and First Negative News --- p.69 / Table 11 Comparisons of the CAR Between Higher and Lower Circulation News --- p.71 / Table 12 Comparisons of CAR Between Regional and National First Headline News --- p.72 / Table 13 Linear Regression Results With Dummy Variables --- p.73 / Table 14 Linear Regression Results with Number of News Items --- p.77 / Table 15 Linear Regression Results With “news influence coefficient´ح --- p.80 / Table 16 Poisson Regression Results with Number of News --- p.84 / Table 17 Linear Regression Results with Number of News --- p.86 / Table 18 Final Event Study Results --- p.88 / "Figure 1: Average CAR across Sample over (-3, 90) Days" --- p.92 / Appendix 1: Sample Companies --- p.93 / Appendix 2: Record of News Reports for Each Firm --- p.96 / Appendix 3: Number of Restructuring Activities During the Second Year --- p.99

羅國森. / 本論文於1997年12月31日呈交. / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 64-69. / 中英文摘要. / Luo Guosen. / Chapter 1. --- 研究問題 --- p.5 / Chapter 2. --- 文獻回顧 --- p.8 / Chapter 3. --- 理論框架 --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- 新聞審查與自我審查的形成 --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- 新聞審查與自我審查的關係 --- p.17 / Chapter 4. --- 研究方法 --- p.20 / Chapter 4.1 --- 從旁觀察 --- p.20 / Chapter 4.2 --- 文獻分析 --- p.21 / Chapter 4.3 --- 深度訪問 --- p.21 / Chapter 5. --- 研究結果 --- p.23 / Chapter 5.1 --- 新聞審查與自我審查的現況 --- p.24 / Chapter 5.2 --- 新聞審查與自我審查的分佈 --- p.28 / Chapter 5.3 --- 新聞審查與自我審查的表現形式 --- p.33 / Chapter 5.4 --- 新聞審查與自我審查的催化劑 --- p.37 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 倚重單一廣告來源 --- p.37 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 弱勢報紙的困局 --- p.41 / Chapter 5.5 --- 單一廣告商的力量 --- p.45 / Chapter 5.6 --- 中方的影響 --- p.50 / Chapter 6 --- 與前瞻 --- p.55 / Chapter 6.1 --- 自我審查的誘因 --- p.57 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- 劃一售價取消 --- p.57 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- 廣告聯盟的形成 --- p.58 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- 商品普及化 --- p.59 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- 其他 --- p.61 / Chapter 6.2 --- 紓解廣告商壓力的可行途徑 --- p.61 / 註釋 --- p.64 / 參考書目(中文） --- p.66 / 參考書目(英文） --- p.68 / 附錄一：深度訪問名單 --- p.70 / 附錄二 ：深度訪問內容 --- p.71 / 附錄三 《明報》「睇樓手冊」樣本 --- p.73

Ng Anny. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-142). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Problem Definition --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Organization --- p.3 / Chapter 2 --- Chinese Text Summarization Using Genetic Algorithm --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Related Work --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3 --- Genetic Algorithm Approach --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Fitness Function --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Genetic operators --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Implementation Details --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5 --- Experimental results --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6 --- Limitations and Future Work --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusion --- p.26 / Chapter 3 --- Event Extraction from Chinese Financial News --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Method --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Data Set Preparation --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Positive Word --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Negative Word --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Window --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Event Extraction --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- System Overview --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- Implementation --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Event Type and Positive Word --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Company Name --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Negative Word --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Event Extraction --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Stock Database --- p.38 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Stock Movements --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Implementation --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Stock Database Transformation --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.40 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Performance measures --- p.40 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Evaluation --- p.41 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusion --- p.45 / Chapter 4 --- Mining Frequent Episodes --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Definitions --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2 --- Related Work --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- Double-Part Event Tree for the database --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Complexity of tree construction --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4 --- Mining Frequent Episodes with the DE-tree --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Conditional Event Trees --- p.66 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Single Path Conditional Event Tree --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Complexity of Mining Frequent Episodes with DE-Tree --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- An Example --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Completeness of finding frequent episodes --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5 --- Implementation of DE-Tree --- p.71 / Chapter 4.6 --- Method 2: Node-List Event Tree --- p.76 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Tree construction --- p.79 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Order of Position Bits --- p.83 / Chapter 4.7 --- Implementation of NE-tree construction --- p.84 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Complexity of NE-Tree Construction --- p.86 / Chapter 4.8 --- Mining Frequent Episodes with NE-tree --- p.87 / Chapter 4.8.1 --- Conditional NE-Tree --- p.87 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- Single Path Conditional NE-Tree --- p.88 / Chapter 4.8.3 --- Complexity of Mining Frequent Episodes with NE-Tree --- p.89 / Chapter 4.8.4 --- An Example --- p.89 / Chapter 4.9 --- Performance evaluation --- p.91 / Chapter 4.9.1 --- Synthetic data --- p.91 / Chapter 4.9.2 --- Real data --- p.99 / Chapter 4.10 --- Conclusion --- p.103 / Chapter 5 --- Mining N-most Interesting Episodes --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2 --- Method --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Threshold Improvement --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Pseudocode --- p.112 / Chapter 5.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.112 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Synthetic Data --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Real Data --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.121 / Chapter 6 --- Mining Frequent Episodes with Event Constraints --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2 --- Method --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3 --- Experimental Results --- p.125 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Synthetic Data --- p.126 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Real Data --- p.129 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.131 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.133 / Chapter A --- Test Cases --- p.135 / Chapter A.1 --- Text 1 --- p.135 / Chapter A.2 --- Text 2 --- p.137 / Bibliography --- p.139

Thesis (M.A. (Journalism and Media Studies))--Rhodes University, 2005. / A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism and Media Studies.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Financial reporting is one of the most vulnerable sectors of journalism for the occurrence of possible unethical conduct. Financial journalists handle news with financial value and have access to privileged market information which confront them with numerous ethical problems, namely the use of press releases, the influence of public relations, the use of financial jargon, reporting on shares and the securities market, journalists' dependence on analysts' opinions and recommendations, the receipt of freebies and insider trading. This assignment gives an overview of the incidence of unethical conduct in financial reporting in South Africa. Ethical principles relevant for financial reporting, namely accuracy, truth and deception, fairness, objectivity and conflict of interest are analysed, discussed and illustrated with incidences of possible unethical behaviour in financial reporting. The research method comprised the scrutiny of business sections of newspapers and articles in finance magazines, articles from the World Wide Web, as well as sources on media ethics and business journalism. Accuracy in financial reporting is a necessity for sound journalism. The impact of press releases on accuracy in financial reporting was investigated, but did not yield sufficient proof that they necessarily lead to inaccurate reporting. Financial journalists' reliance on the opinions and recommendations of business analysts, however, revealed a significant contribution to inaccurate reporting. A chore journalistic value, truth establishes trust between the media and the public. Financial reporting should promote understanding of the relevant facts, not only for readers with a keen interest in financial matters, but also for the average audience. South African financial journalists use excessive jargon, arcane financial data and affected language which may confuse and even mislead the general reader. Share price reporting in South Africa is generally factual and the investigation did not yield any incidences of share punting among financial journalists. Analysts' reports, however, pose a serious threat for media independence as financial journalists rely on their expertise. Conflicts of interest arise when there is conflict between a journalist's professional loyalties and outside interests. An investigation into possible insider trading in South African financial journalism did not yield any proof of such incidences. The receipt of freebies, however, remains a grey area because most codes of conduct of South African news agencies only prohibit the receipt of freebies which are of more than nominal value. Recommendations include advanced journalism training courses which will enhance journalists' business writing skills and knowledge of basic Economics and finance, columns in financial publications which explain financial jargon and a greater emphasis on media ethics. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Finansiële verslaggewing is een van die mees vatbare sektore vir onetiese optrede in die joernalistiek. Finansiële verslaggewers het toegang tot vertroulike markinligting en doen beriggewing wat finansiële waarde het. Daarom word hulle dikwels gekonfronteer met verskeie etiese probleme, naamlik die gebruik van persvrystellings, die invloed van skakelbeamptes en woordvoerders, die gebruik van finansiële jargon, aandele-beriggewing, die steun op analiste se menings en aanbevelings asook die ontvang van geskenke ("freebies") en die bemarking, aanbeveling of koop en verkoop van aandele. Hierdie werkstuk gee 'n oorsig van die voorkoms van onetiese gedrag in finansiële verslaggewing in Suid-Afrika. Etiese beginsels wat betrekking het op finansiële verslaggewing, naamlik noukeurigheid, waarheid en misleiding, regverdigheid, objektiwiteit en botsende belange word ondersoek, bespreek en toegelig met die voorkoms van moontlike onetiese gedrag in finansiële verslaggewing. Die navorsingsmetode het berus op die bestudering van sake-bylae van koerante, artikels en saketydskrifte, artikels wat van die Internet verkry is, en bronne oor media-etiek en finansiële verslaggewing. Noukeurigheid in finansiële verslaggewing is noodsaaklik vir goeie joernalistiek. Die ondersoek na die invloed van persvrystellings op die noukeurigheid van finansiële verslaggewing het nie voldoende bewyse gelewer dat noukeurigheid ingeboet word nie. Dat finansiële verslaggewers egter steun op die mening en aanbevelings van analiste het getoon dat analiste se menings en aanbevelings dikwels tot onakkurate verslaggewing lei. Die waarheid is 'n kernbeginsel in joernalistiek en bewerkstellig vertroue tussen die media en die publiek. Finansiële verslaggewing behoort 'n begrip van die toepaslike feite te bevorder - nie alleenlik vir lesers wat belangstel in finansiële aangeleenthede nie, maar ook vir die gemiddelde leser. Finansiële verslaggewers in Suid-Afrika gebruik oormatige jargon, ingewikkelde finansiële data en geaffekteerde taal wat die gemiddelde leser kan verwar en mislei. Aandele-beriggewing in Suid-Afrika is oor die algemeen feitelik en die ondersoek het nie getoon dat finansiële verslaggewers aandele bemark of aanbeveel nie. Analiste se verslae bedreig egter die onafhanklikheid van die media, omdat finansiële verslaggewers steun op hul kennis. Botsende belange kom voor indien konflik ontstaan tussen 'n joernalis se professionele pligte en belange van buite. 'n Ondersoek na die moontlikheid dat Suid-Afrikaanse joernaliste hul eie aandele bemark of aanbeveel het egter geen bewyse van dergelike gevalle opgelewer nie. Die ontvang van geskenke ("freebies") is egter 'n moeilike kwessie, omdat die meeste gedragskodes van Suid- Afrikaanse nuusagentskappe slegs die ontvang van "freebies" verbied indien dit 'n nominale waarde oorskry. Aanbevelings sluit in gevorderde joernalistieke opleidingsprogramme wat joernaliste se finansiële skryfvermoë en kennis van Ekonomie en finansies verskerp, rubrieke in finansiële publikasies wat finansiële jargon omskryf asook 'n beklemtoning van die belangrikheid van mediaetiek.

The media, specifically tabloids, have the potential to portray poverty-related issues in a manner that informs the public and government about the experiences of people living in poverty so that it can be tackled with urgency. Poverty has blighted the lives of many, especially women, children and widows in Cameroon. The role of the media in reporting the plight and suffering of the ‘masses’ potentially shapes the way in which these issues are handled by those in authority. The study notes that the tabloid press has the potential to expose certain experiences of ordinary people thereby constituting that alternative sphere for the disadvantaged. The study investigates the manner women are represented in The Post which is an English tabloid published in Cameroon. The representation of women in this study looks at the institutional policies which drive the representation of women in news constructs, analyses the news values which shape news production, and uses Thompson’s modes of ideology to unravel the underlying meanings in the reported stories. The study is inspired by the claims that since women make up the majority of the world's poor, so too would media representations depict them as such. It utilises thematic analysis to understand the manner in which women are represented in The Post. It also uses interviews with the regional bureau editor of the North West region to probe what news values and institutional policies drive the stories on women’s poverty. Document analysis is used to better comprehend the institutional guidelines which govern the representation of women during the month of March 2009.

by Xueyi Chen. / Thesis submitted in: December 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-106). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Table of Contents / Abbreviations / Timeline / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Purpose and Significance / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Structure / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Historical Background / Chapter 2.1 --- Development of China's Stock Markets / Chapter 2.2 --- Paradox in China's Stock Markets / Chapter 2.3 --- Stock News Reporting in China / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Literature Review / Chapter 3.1 --- The Perspective of Political Economy: An Overview / Chapter 3.2 --- The Political Economy of China's Party Press: Change and Continuity / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "In the Mao Era: The Chinese Press as Propagandist, Agitator and Organizer" / Chapter 3.2.2 --- In the Era of Economic Reform: A Paradigm Shift / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Assumptions / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Methodology / Chapter 5.1 --- Four Periods: Operational Definitions for the Interplay of State Controls and Market Forces / Chapter 5.2 --- Contexts of the Field Study / Chapter 5.3 --- Research Procedures / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Content Analysis / Chapter 5.2.2 --- In-depth Interview / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Documentary Analysis / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Participant Observation / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Stock News Reporting under State-Market Dynamics / Chapter 6.1 --- The Period of Initial Reforms: From the Early 1980s to the Mid-1980s / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Continuing State Controls / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Absence of Market and Competition / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Content Pattern: Ideological Orthodoxy / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Reporting Mode: Orthodox Reporting / Chapter 6.2 --- The Period of Continuing Reforms: From the Mid-1980s to the Late1980s / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Relaxed State Controls / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Emerging Competition / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Content Changes: Minor Departures from Ideological Orthodoxy / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Reporting Mode: Orthodox Reporting with Increased Flexibility / Chapter 6.3 --- The Period of Interrupted Development: From the Late 1980s to1992 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- The Resumption of Tight State Controls / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Strengthening Market / Chapter 6.3.3 --- "Content Changes: Greater Diversity, News Value, and Responsiveness to Readers" / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Reporting Mode: Managing the News / Chapter 6.4 --- The Period of Ideological Legitimization: From 1993 to1996 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Shorter Control-Relaxation Cycle / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Increasing Market Pressure / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Content Changes: Increased Standardization / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Reporting Mode: Standardizing the News / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary / Chapter 7.2 --- Impact of Interplay of Politics and Economics on Journalism as an Issue-Variant Relationship / Chapter 7.3 --- Future Research / Tables / References

This study seeks to examine how Ugandan journalists’ and politicians’ views on journalism professionalisation in Uganda relate to the broad theoretical arguments about professionalism within sociology and media studies. It also seeks to examine how such views impact on the democratic role of the media. The study finds out that there are two sets of distinct ideas on journalism professionalisation. The idea espoused by politicians is statutory professionalisation in which the state plays a major role through regulation and control, hence professionalisation is seen primarily as a control system. On the other hand, journalists perceive professionalisation as nurtured by voluntarily and socially inculcated professional values, hence as a value system. The study however, finds that both sets of understandings have their own complexities. While the statutory approach has complexities like how core elements of professionalism such as professional values can be imposed through legislation, the voluntary approach to professionalism also exhibits tensions within, especially stemming from the relationship between the professional and the news organisation regarding what constitutes professionalism. The study concludes that both sets of ideas have implications for the democratic role of the media, with both perceptions of professionalism curtailing this role. Statutory professionalisation in the Ugandan political context where the state is the dominant institution brings media institutions within its control, which leads to suppression of content of democratic value through a number of means. On the other hand, the self-regulatory perception does not protect media professionalism from the assault of commercial imperatives, especially when fused with state patronage in regard to broadcasting licences and placement of advertising.