This thesis offers a new understanding of the reign of the Emperor Julian, using as a heuristic tool the Christian theological concept of recapitulation (anacephalaiosis/recapitulatio). Recapitulation encompasses similitudo, iteratio, and restitutio: in Christian thought, Adam is the similitudo of Christ, Christ reiterates Adam’s wrong acts for the purpose of setting them right, overwriting the narrative of his failure, and Christ’s work has the goal of restoration of humanity to God’s friendship. The thesis shows that Julian's imperial programme is illuminated when viewed in similar terms, with the substitution of his uncle Constantine for Adam. The Emperor Constantine had overwritten the narratives of his own political and religious opponents, while Eusebius of Caesarea had portrayed Constantine as a mimetic Christ-figure. The thesis uses the evidence of Julian's writings, above all his Oration VII ‘To the Cynic Heracleios’ to argue that Julian himself also adopted this approach and co-opted the Christian language of recapitulation, narrating Constantine’s career as one of religious apostasy which needed to be set right by his own reversal of Constantine's actions and consequent restoration of the empire to friendship with the gods. Julian cast Constantine as the failed representative who apostatised from Helios and himself as the son of Helios and the divinely chosen representative who would act as saviour for the empire. In this oration, Julian also outlined his role as a new Heracles, sent by his father Helios to be the saviour of the world. In the same work, he criticised Constantine's desecration of pagan religious places. Both literary and material evidence indicate Julian responded in kind with building programs designed to support a pagan revival: the thesis demonstrates that his activities in Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Antioch in particular show a systematic programme of reversal and restoration. Julian's letters to his priests indicate his plans to supplant Christianity's ecclesiastical structure, clerical instructions, and charitable activities. Bringing this theological concept to bear on a series of texts more often considered by classicists than theologians offers, it is hoped, a richer understanding of Julian’s response to Constantine and Christianisation.

Submitted by Inácio de Oliveira Lima Neto (inacio.neto@inpa.gov.br) on 2016-08-29T14:31:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_alexandra.pdf: 36597358 bytes, checksum: 7e911babac6f53c21195f9c65866a6bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T14:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_alexandra.pdf: 36597358 bytes, checksum: 7e911babac6f53c21195f9c65866a6bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Intra-seasonal and inter-annual oscillations are responsible for part of precipitation ex- tremes during austral summer. In view of this, this study aimed to analyze the intra- seasonal variability modes on time scales of 8-24 days and 30-90 days associated with extreme events of daily precipitation over South America for 14 summer seasons, from 1998 to 2012. To achieve this we used a set of daily rainfall data from TRMM (Tropical Rainfaill Measuring Mission -NASA), stream functions and moisture fluxes obtained by NCEP Reanalysis - 2 (National Center for Environmental Prediction), with analysis of orthogonal functions, which made possible finding the three dominant modes on South America, and the Morlet wavelet transform to check for variations in the scales of 8- 24 and 30-90 days. Composite analyzes were used to assess the possible relation between the variability modes, when they operate separately and simultaneously. In parallel, we investigated possible interactions between intra-seasonal events on scales of 8-24 days during El Niño, La Nina and neutral years. The results indicated the domi- nance of intra-seasonal scales of 8-24 days on the continent compared to 30-90 days scale, especially when the events are in phase. The events operating in different pha- ses showed a weakening of the precipitation anomalies on scales 8-24 (positive) and 30-90 (negative) and when reversing the signs we note a disorganization of convection. The same is true during ENSO years. At the same time, it was found that during ENSO years the intra-seasonal scale is enhanced by the joint action of the extra-tropical and tropical wave-trains, and to the east of South America there is a predominance of intra- seasonal systems, while in the west rainfall anomalies are dominated by inter-annual variability. / As oscilações intrasazonais e interanuais são responsáveis por parte dos extremos de precipitação durante o verão autral. Diante disto, o presente trabalho teve como obje- tivo principal analisar os modos de variabilidade intrasazonais nas escalas de tempo de 8-24 dias e 30-90 dias associados aos eventos extremos de precipitação diária so- bre América do Sul durante 14 estações de verão, no período de 1998 a 2012. Para alcançar esse objetivo utilizou-se um conjunto de dados de diárias de precipitação do TRMM (Tropical Rainfaill Measuring Mission -NASA), função de corrente e fluxos de umidade obtidos pelo Reanálise - 2 do NCEP (National Centers for Environmen- tal Prediction), com análises de funções ortogonais, que possibilitou encontrar os três modos dominantes sobre a América do Sul, e a transformada de Ondeleta (Morlet) para verificar a existência de oscilações nas escalas de 8-24 e 30-90 dias. Análises de composições foram usadas para avaliar as possíveis relações entre as escalas de variabilidade, quando estas atuam isoladamente e simultaneamente. Paralelamente, buscou-se verificar possíveis interações entre os eventos intrasazonais na escala de 8-24 dias durante os anos de El Niño, La Nina e Neutro. Os resultados indicaram a predominância da escala intrasazonal de 8-24 dias sobre o continente em relação a escala de 30-90 dias, principalmente quando os eventos estão em fase. Os eventos atuando em fases diferentes mostraram um enfraquecimento das anomalias de preci- pitação nas escalas 8-24 (positiva) e 30-90 (negativa) e quando os sinais são inverti- dos, nota-se uma desorganização da convecção. O mesmo acontece durante o anos de atuação do ENOS. Ao mesmo tempo, verificou-se que durante os anos de ENOS a escala intrasazonal é intensificada pela ação conjunta do trem de ondas extratropical e tropical, e que ao leste da AS existe uma predominância dos sistemas intrasazonais, enquanto que à oeste as anomalias de precipitação são dominadas pela variabilidade interanual. Palavras-chave: Variabilidade Intrasazonal, Variabilidade Interanual, Oscilação Mad- den Julian, Teleconexão.

The impact of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO), a major source of intraseasonal variability in the tropical atmosphere, on the Indonesia Seas is investigated using satellite-derived, reanalysis and mooring data. The MJO footprint on the Indonesian Seas is evident from the surface layer into the pycnocline. In the surface, MJO air-sea heat fluxes govern the intraseasonal sea surface temperature (SST) variations. Within the pycnocline, the MJO reduces the transfer of the Pacific water to the Indian Ocean, the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). In addition to the ocean’s response, the oceanic feedback to the MJO is also examined. Warmer SST in the Indonesian Seas during the suppressed phase of the MJO promotes the MJO convective phase to propagate eastward over the maritime continent (MC). Intraseasonal SST variation accounts for 55 - 60% of the total non-seasonal SST variance across the Indonesian Seas. It is most energetic in Banda and Timor Seas, with its standard deviation varying between 0.4 – 0.5°C. Coupled to the MJO surface fluxes, the intraseasonal SST exhibits stronger variation in boreal winter than in summer. A slab ocean model indicates that MJO surface heat fluxes account for 69-78% of the intraseasonal SST variability. The SST increases by 1.1° - 2°C, on average, in response to intense surface heating and weak winds over the suppressed (dry) MJO phase, and then decreases by 1.8° - 2.1°C over the course of the ensuing MJO active phase that is characterized by enhanced convective cooling and westerly wind bursts. Intraseasonal variability is also significant in the Sulawesi Sea SST, but it is mostly derived from eddies and local winds. Over the period 1980 - 2012, we observe 86 significant MJO (Real-time Multi variate MJO index > 1) events occurring in the Indian Ocean, of which 51 events achieve eastward propagation (EP) over the MC, while 35 events attentuate in the eastern Indian Ocean, or show no propagation (NP) over the MC. Eastward propagation (EP) MJO events occur more frequently during La Niña years than during El Niño years. Analyses of SST across the Indonesian Seas during the suppressed phase of the MJO events indicate that the SST in Java, Banda, and Timor Seas attributed to the EP MJO events is warmer by 0.5oC that associated with the NP MJO events. The warmer SST corresponds with enhanced surface latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and low-level moisture in the atmospheric boundary layer, driven by diurnal activity. The EP MJO events are more frequent during La Niña, as the SST response to MJO events is influenced by the thermocline depth: shallower thermocline during El Niño enables cooler subsurface water under the MJO forcing to reduce SST that then attenuates MJO activity, with deeper thermocline of La Niña having the opposite outcome. Moored velocity data in Makassar Strait between 2004 – August 2011 and August 2013 – August 2015 document substantial direct impacts of the MJO on the ITF, particularly with the surface layer (< 80 m ). A composite of the along-strait velocity within the surface layer for 10 MJO events observed during the observational period exhibits strong northward velocity within days, following the peak of MJO wind stress. The MJO forces both northward along-strait pressure gradient and the resultant of northward wind stress and turbulent stress at the base of the surface layer that, together with the seasonal forcing, maintain the reduction or even reversal of the ITF southward transport on timescales of 1-3 months during boreal winter.

The soteriology of the English 14th century mystic Julian of Norwich moves in the direction of a hope for universal salvation. The ground for this hope is established through Julian’s appropriation of the doctrine of the soul’s creation in the image of God, the imago dei. Previous studies have primarily focussed on Augustine’s influence on Julian’s use of the imago dei doctrine. While this has been fruitful, in order to better grasp the nuances of Julian’s anthropology and soteriology, it is essential to also attend to Cistercian influences. In particular, William of St. Thierry’s notion of the will that remains godly in spite of sin and Aelred of Rievaulx’s writing on friendship provide important background to the development of Julian’s soteriology. Interestingly, Julian very rarely explicitly mentions the term image of God. However, in her use of the Middle English word kynd, Julian clearly invokes the doctrine of the imago dei. Further, the doctrine of the imago dei powerfully informs her imagination such that the trope of image may be seen behind important theological developments such as the correspondence between the human and the divine and her notions of what is potentially occurring in the process of contemplation. Close attention to the image tropes that structure Julian’s contemplation and her various usages of the word kynd reveals the complexity of Julian’s adaptation of the doctrine of the imago dei and elucidates the ground of her soteriology.

The soteriology of the English 14th century mystic Julian of Norwich moves in the direction of a hope for universal salvation. The ground for this hope is established through Julian’s appropriation of the doctrine of the soul’s creation in the image of God, the imago dei. Previous studies have primarily focussed on Augustine’s influence on Julian’s use of the imago dei doctrine. While this has been fruitful, in order to better grasp the nuances of Julian’s anthropology and soteriology, it is essential to also attend to Cistercian influences. In particular, William of St. Thierry’s notion of the will that remains godly in spite of sin and Aelred of Rievaulx’s writing on friendship provide important background to the development of Julian’s soteriology. Interestingly, Julian very rarely explicitly mentions the term image of God. However, in her use of the Middle English word kynd, Julian clearly invokes the doctrine of the imago dei. Further, the doctrine of the imago dei powerfully informs her imagination such that the trope of image may be seen behind important theological developments such as the correspondence between the human and the divine and her notions of what is potentially occurring in the process of contemplation. Close attention to the image tropes that structure Julian’s contemplation and her various usages of the word kynd reveals the complexity of Julian’s adaptation of the doctrine of the imago dei and elucidates the ground of her soteriology.

Intense atmospheric convection associated with the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) significantly impacts basin-scale circulation patterns over the Pacific. We explore dynamical processes which foster changes in convection along the convergence zone. These forcings include strong moisture convergence and accumulation of wave energy in the boundary layer, as well as dynamical instability associated with moderate cross-equatorial wind bursts. A focus is applied to observing the dominant modes of variability on synoptic to intraseasonal timescales using a combination of satellite observations and NCEP reanalysis data. Accumulation of energy, due to negative stretching deformation, occurs with both tropical and extratropical modes suggesting that the SPCZ is an artifact of wide ranging modes. Signals of the dominant modes (inferred from fields of outgoing longwave radiation: OLR) are isolated using bandpass filtering techniques, which are then mapped in space and time using Principal Components from Empirical Orthogonal Function analyses. Variability of convective systems in the SPCZ is found to be significantly correlated with changes in the regional Hadley Circulation and the Pacific Walker cell. This co-variability presents the possibility of important teleconnection routes between the tropical West and East Pacific, as well as with the mid-latitude regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. We test these interaction hypotheses by developing composites of the circulation patterns using dates of maximum convection events (regions of minimum OLR) in the SPCZ. Intensities of the large-scale circulations are measured using observations of stream function mass fluxes. Results suggest that deep convection maxima (minima) are associated with an increase (decrease) in the Walker Circulation. It is also illustrated how off-equatorial convection anomalies in the subtropical portion of the SPCZ may induce changes to the Hadley Circulation. Interactions with the zonal (Walker) and meridional (Hadley) circulations appear to have important consequences on the ability for wave energy to propagate through the tropical Pacific atmosphere. Examples include Northern Hemisphere cross-equatorial teleconnections through the Westerly Wind Duct in the upper branch of the Walker circulation and Rossby wave trains in the SPCZ, which may be partially governed by characteristics of the regional Hadley circulation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University of Pennsylvania. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.C.S.)--Regent College, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-95).

Zugl.: Bayreuth, Universiẗat, Diss., 2005.

Thesis (M.A.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-113).