In order to determine the effect of lipid concentration on the properties of k-casein stabilized emulsions, butteroil was added to solutions that contained 0.3% k-casein to achieve milk fat concentrations of 3, 10, and 20%. These mixtures were adjusted to pH 6.5 and heated to 65°C. They were then homogenized at 20 and 100 MPa and particle size was measured; viscosity and yield stress were measured before and 30 minutes after the addition of chymosin. These experiments were repeated twice. Homogenization of the emulsions at 100 MPa produced smaller particles than homogenization at 20 MPa. Emulsions with 20% milk fat showed the largest particle size. Before treated with chymosin, these emulsions had the greatest viscosity and yield stress, however the differences with the other lipid concentrations were greater after chymosin treatment. A gel with yield stress less than 10 Pa occurred in emulsions with 3 or 10% milk fat. The emulsion with 20% milk fat after chymosin treatment provided the best possibility for the formation of a gel because it had the highest viscosity and yield stress. The effect of protein concentration on the properties of the emulsions was determined in emulsions that contained 20% milk fat and 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0%. These emulsions were prepared as previously described. Emulsions homogenized at 100 MPa had smaller particles than emulsions homogenized at 20 MPa. An increase in protein concentration caused the particle size to decrease. Emulsions homogenized at 100 MPa were more stable than emulsions homogenized at 20 MPa and the emulsion with 1.0% k-casein was the most stable emulsion. The protein load of k-casein stabilized emulsions ranged from 3 to 6 mg/m2. The viscosity and yield stress prior to chymosin treatment showed no properties of gelation. After treated with chymosin, these emulsions produced a weak gel with yield stress values that ranged from 14 to 16 Pa.

Ulm, Univ. Diss., 2006.

Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2002.

Ulm, Univ., Diss., 2007.

Erlangen-Nürnberg, Univ., Diss., 2009.

Hannover, Universiẗat, Diss., 2004.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:06:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7263_1.pdf: 721413 bytes, checksum: c9bedfd5ec2a15d49c58bd7cb20797ae (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / O estudo de concordância, em relação a variáveis categorizadas, tem sido aplicado a vários contextos e seu uso não é novo. Em 1968, Cohen propôs o coeficiente Kappa Ponderado. Neste trabalho, propomos medidas de Kappas modificadas para a análise de concordância entre mapas temáticos, isto é, provenientes de algum tipo de classificação, a partir da proposta dada por Pontius em 2000. Estudamos o comportamento dessas medidas, através de um conjunto de simulações que fornecem mapas hipotéticos e, realizando as comparações correspondentes, observamos as vantagens delas. Realizamos uma aplicação comparando essas medidas em mapas geográficos referentes ao desflorestamento da região amazônica nos anos de 2000 e 2001. Nossos resultados revelam que as medidas Kappas modificadas propostas são mais estáveis quando se varia a resolução utilizada no experimento, sendo assim, medidas mais confiáveis

Nesta pesquisa avaliou-se a influência da temperatura, da carga alcalina e dos aditivos antraquinona e etanol na deslignificação com oxigênio para polpa kraft de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla com alto número kappa e rejeitos, buscando a partir do desempenho do processo, definir as melhores condições para cada parâmetro estudado. Para produção da polpa celulósica foi utilizado o cozimento kraft convencional com carga alcalina de 13% e fator H de 580. Para redução do teor de rejeitos a polpa foi submetida, após o cozimento, a duas passagens por moinho desfibrador. A deslignificação com oxigênio foi feita em média consistência (10%), com pressão de oxigênio de 5 kgf.cm-2, em quatro cargas alcalinas (15, 30, 45 e 60 kg.t-1) e em quatro temperaturas (80, 100, 120 e 140ºC). Para avaliar o efeito dos aditivos foi feita a aplicação de 0,05% de antraquinona e etanol separadamente, bem como tratamentos sem aditivo como testemunhas. O número kappa da polpa produzida, a ser deslignificada, foi de 63,9 com 8,7% de rejeitos. A comparação entre os fatores carga alcalina e temperatura mostra que o primeiro é mais influente no processo de deslignificação com oxigênio, porém através da temperatura é possível reduzir o kappa com maior controle na seletividade, além disso, a temperatura serve de agente ativador das reações do processo, pois para qualquer carga aplicada a concentração de álcali residual diminui com o aumento da temperatura. O rendimento não apresentou queda com os aumentos da carga e da temperatura, pois, simultaneamente, a transformação dos rejeitos em polpa garante a manutenção do rendimento. A antraquinona não concedeu ganhos no rendimento e na eficiência da deslignificação, no entanto tornou o processo mais seletivo. A adição de etanol mostrou resultados positivos em termos de redução de número kappa, redução de rejeitos e também no rendimento. O total de sólidos gerados não sofreu influência significativa da ação dos aditivos. O teor de ácidos hexenurônicos foi baixo e não sofreu influência significativa de nenhum fator operacional. / This research evaluated the influence of temperature, alkali charge and the additives anthraquinone and ethanol at oxygen delignification for kraft pulp of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla with high kappa number and rejects, seeking, from the process performance, define the bests the conditions for each parameter studied. For the pulp production was used the conventional kraft cooking under soft conditions, alkali charge of 13% and H factor of 580. To reduce the rejects content the pulp was subjected, after cooking, for two passages by grinder mill. Oxygen delignification was done at medium consistency (10%), with oxygen pressure of 5 kgf.cm-², on four alkaline charges (15, 30 , 45 and 60kg.t-1) and four temperatures (80, 100, 120 and 140°C). To evaluate the actions of the additives they was applied 0,05 % of anthraquinone and ethanol separately and without additive, as well as witnesses treatments. The kappa number of the produced pulp, to be delignified, was 63,9% with 8,7% of rejects content. The comparison between the alkaline charge and temperature shows that the first one is more influential in the process, but through the temperature can reduce the kappa number with greater selectivity control, in addition the temperature is the activating agent of the process reactions, because for any alkaline charge applied the residual active alkali decreases with increasing temperature. The yield did not decreased with the increase of alkaline charge and temperature, because, simultaneously, processing the rejects into pulp ensures the yeld performance. The anthraquinone did not given earnings to the yield and efficiency of delignification, however anthraquinone increased the process selectivity. The addition of ethanol showed positive results in terms of kappa number reduction, rejects reduction and also at the yield improvement. The total solids generated was not affected by the action of additives, but the process as a whole, cooking and oxygen delignification, produced high content of solids generated. The hexenuronic acid content was low and was not affected by any operational factor.

The NF-kB signalling pathway is a critical mediator of the cellular responses to inflammatory cytokines. The IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which is composed of two catalytic subunits (IKKα and IKKβ) and one regulatory subunit (IKKγ/NEMO) acts as the master regulator of NF-κB transcription factor activity. Seminal genetic studies in knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have defined two pathways of NF-κB activation; a canonical pathway, activated in response to cytokines such as TNFα/IL-1β, that requires NEMO and predominantly IKKβ catalytic activity; and a non-canonical pathway, activated in response to a subset of TNF-family cytokines, which requires IKKα and NIK kinase. We have generated and validated CRISPR-Cas9 IKKα, IKKβ and IKKα/β DKO HCT116 colorectal cancer cell lines to interrogate novel functions of the I kappa B kinases in colorectal cancer, including the relative contributions of these kinases to the activation of NF-κB signalling pathways downstream of TNFα induction. Contrary to the seminal studies in KO MEFs, IKKα appeared to make a more significant contribution to canonical NF-κB induction in these cells than IKKβ. Western blot studies demonstrated that both IKKs contributed to the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB and the phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit, p65 at Serine 536. However, high-content immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that IKKα KO cells were defective in TNFα-induced nuclear translocation of p65 compared to WT and IKKβ KO cells. Additionally, NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter assays showed that IKKα, but not IKKβ, KO cells exhibited significantly reduced NF-κB-dependent gene expression following TNFα stimulation. We also have evidence to suggest that the phosphorylation site at Serine 468 on p65, previously defined as an IKKβ-dependent site, is in-fact an IKKα-dependent site in these cells. Furthermore, IKKα knockout revealed a potentially important role for IKKα activity in preventing the stabilisation of NIK protein following prolonged TNFα stimulation. RNA sequencing analysis of wild-type, IKKα KO, IKKβ KO and IKKα/β DKO cells stimulated with TNFα was performed to identify genes whose expression were differentially deregulated by IKK KO. These analyses confirmed the importance of IKKα for canonical NF-κB gene expression. Furthermore, IKKβ knockout had unexpected effects on the expression of a broad range of genes involved in chromatin organisation, cytoskeletal organisation, mitotic cell cycle control and the DNA damage response. During the characterisation of IKK KO cells it was discovered that the expression of NEMO was downregulated at the protein, but not mRNA level by approximately 50% in IKKα KO cells and 90% in IKKα/β DKO cells. IKKβ KO cells, meanwhile, exhibited wild-type NEMO expression. Emetine-chase and radioactive pulse chase labelling experiments demonstrated that the half-life of NEMO in IKKα and IKKα/β DKO cells was significantly shortened due to enhanced proteasomal turnover. Bioinformatics analyses predicted significant regions of intrinsic structural disorder within NEMO, particularly at the N- and C-termini, the former of which overlapped with the IKK binding domain. On this basis, the susceptibility of NEMO to in vitro degradation by the 20S proteasome was examined, with NEMO proving be a highly effective substrate of the 20S proteasome. Importantly, IKKα and IKKβ were both shown to protect NEMO from proteasomal degradation, leading us to propose a model whereby interaction with IKK kinase subunits sequesters/masks intrinsically disordered regions in NEMO that would otherwise make NEMO a highly effective substrate for ubiquitin-dependent and/or ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation. BMS-345541 is a commercially available allosteric inhibitor of IKKβ that has been used extensively in numerous studies, including a report that proposed novel functions for IKKβ in mitotic cell cycle progression (Blazkova et al., 2007). Similar antiproliferative effects to those reported by Blazkova et al., were observed during the characterisation of a novel ATP-competitive inhibitor of IKKβ, AZD2230. In depth characterisation of the selectivity of AZD2230 and BMS-345541, however, revealed that the antiproliferative effects of AZD2230 and BMS-345541 are, in fact, due to off-target inhibition, potentially at the level of RNA Polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphorylation, and hence general transcription. Collectively, these studies reveal novel functions of the IKK kinases in NF-κB signalling and inform therapeutic strategies for targeting chronic canonical NF-κB activation in colorectal cancer.

Nesta pesquisa avaliou-se a influência da temperatura, da carga alcalina e dos aditivos antraquinona e etanol na deslignificação com oxigênio para polpa kraft de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla com alto número kappa e rejeitos, buscando a partir do desempenho do processo, definir as melhores condições para cada parâmetro estudado. Para produção da polpa celulósica foi utilizado o cozimento kraft convencional com carga alcalina de 13% e fator H de 580. Para redução do teor de rejeitos a polpa foi submetida, após o cozimento, a duas passagens por moinho desfibrador. A deslignificação com oxigênio foi feita em média consistência (10%), com pressão de oxigênio de 5 kgf.cm-2, em quatro cargas alcalinas (15, 30, 45 e 60 kg.t-1) e em quatro temperaturas (80, 100, 120 e 140ºC). Para avaliar o efeito dos aditivos foi feita a aplicação de 0,05% de antraquinona e etanol separadamente, bem como tratamentos sem aditivo como testemunhas. O número kappa da polpa produzida, a ser deslignificada, foi de 63,9 com 8,7% de rejeitos. A comparação entre os fatores carga alcalina e temperatura mostra que o primeiro é mais influente no processo de deslignificação com oxigênio, porém através da temperatura é possível reduzir o kappa com maior controle na seletividade, além disso, a temperatura serve de agente ativador das reações do processo, pois para qualquer carga aplicada a concentração de álcali residual diminui com o aumento da temperatura. O rendimento não apresentou queda com os aumentos da carga e da temperatura, pois, simultaneamente, a transformação dos rejeitos em polpa garante a manutenção do rendimento. A antraquinona não concedeu ganhos no rendimento e na eficiência da deslignificação, no entanto tornou o processo mais seletivo. A adição de etanol mostrou resultados positivos em termos de redução de número kappa, redução de rejeitos e também no rendimento. O total de sólidos gerados não sofreu influência significativa da ação dos aditivos. O teor de ácidos hexenurônicos foi baixo e não sofreu influência significativa de nenhum fator operacional. / This research evaluated the influence of temperature, alkali charge and the additives anthraquinone and ethanol at oxygen delignification for kraft pulp of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla with high kappa number and rejects, seeking, from the process performance, define the bests the conditions for each parameter studied. For the pulp production was used the conventional kraft cooking under soft conditions, alkali charge of 13% and H factor of 580. To reduce the rejects content the pulp was subjected, after cooking, for two passages by grinder mill. Oxygen delignification was done at medium consistency (10%), with oxygen pressure of 5 kgf.cm-², on four alkaline charges (15, 30 , 45 and 60kg.t-1) and four temperatures (80, 100, 120 and 140°C). To evaluate the actions of the additives they was applied 0,05 % of anthraquinone and ethanol separately and without additive, as well as witnesses treatments. The kappa number of the produced pulp, to be delignified, was 63,9% with 8,7% of rejects content. The comparison between the alkaline charge and temperature shows that the first one is more influential in the process, but through the temperature can reduce the kappa number with greater selectivity control, in addition the temperature is the activating agent of the process reactions, because for any alkaline charge applied the residual active alkali decreases with increasing temperature. The yield did not decreased with the increase of alkaline charge and temperature, because, simultaneously, processing the rejects into pulp ensures the yeld performance. The anthraquinone did not given earnings to the yield and efficiency of delignification, however anthraquinone increased the process selectivity. The addition of ethanol showed positive results in terms of kappa number reduction, rejects reduction and also at the yield improvement. The total solids generated was not affected by the action of additives, but the process as a whole, cooking and oxygen delignification, produced high content of solids generated. The hexenuronic acid content was low and was not affected by any operational factor.