<p>A carton-board package is often sealed and closed with an adhesive. Package requirements vary depending on how the package is to be used. A package that is only supposed to protect the product during transport differs from one that is supposed to attract consumers and facilitate the use of the product by consumers. Fracture of the adhesive joint may occur in several different ways, e.g. cohesive fracture in the adhesive, interfacial fracture between the adhesive and one of the carton-board surfaces, and cohesive fracture in the carton board. The traditional way of testing the adhesive joint is to subjectively evaluate the fibre tear after manually tearing the joint apart. The adhesives used in carton-board packages are either hot-melt adhesives (adhesives that are applied in a molten state on the carton board) or dispersion adhesives (adhesives that are applied as water-based dispersions).</p><p>The primary interest of this study has been to find an objective method that can characterise the adhesive joint, i.e. the strength and joint characteristics. The work has principally concentrated on physical experiments where the Y-peel method is evaluated and further developed, including construction of a laboratory adhesive applicator.</p><p>Adhesive joint failure is analysed and correlated to the force-elongation curve in order to explore various mechanisms of adhesive-joint failure. The force versus elongation curves are transformed into a force versus inelastic deformation curve for the adhesive joint. The inelastic deformation of the adhesive joint is defined as the inelastic opening of the adhesive joint perpendicular to the carton-board surface. The dissipative descending energy has been used to evaluate the adhesive joint. High descending dissipative energy resulted in high resistance against final failure of the joint. This correlates very well with the manual fibre-tear test. Characteristic force-elongation curves in Y-peel testing, i.e. the shape of the curve, have been analysed and found to have four main failure modes.</p><p>Using both the newly designed adhesive applicator and the Y-peel test method revealed a large discrepancy, about three orders of magnitude, between the theoretical thermodynamic analysis and the experimental test result. The new objective method can be used to design the interaction between the adhesive and the carton-board surface for a specific application. This can be achieved by modifying the carton board, the adhesive or the process parameters.</p>

<p>The barrier properties of greaseproof paper are achieved by extensive beating of the fibres. This treatment results in high costs for energy, both as beating energy and drying energy. A full-scale trial has been performed to investigate the role of the pulp with respect to energy demand and the barrier properties of the final papers. The paper made of 100% sulphite pulp with a low degree of beating showed the lowest energy consumption at a given level of barrier properties such as air permeance, grease resistance and water vapour transmission rate.</p><p>The papers produced in the full-scale trial have been used as substrates for coating. Greaseproof paper has a closed surface and should therefore be a good base paper for barrier coatings.</p><p>Chitosan has been used as a barrier coating because of its good oxygen barrier properties. Moreover, chitosan is a renewable material. Coating trials on a bench-scale showed that greaseproof paper can be upgraded to provide a good oxygen barrier. The oxygen barrier could not be achieved on a pilot-scale using the metered size press technique, because of the low coat weight applied.</p><p>The influence of the base paper on the barrier properties of chitosan-coated paper has been investigated. It was found that greaseproof paper is better than a paper with a higher porosity. The coating seemed to stay more on the surface of the greaseproof papers and to form a continuous coating layer with better barrier properties.</p>

<p>På uppdrag av Hifab Byggprojektledaren AB:s (Hifab AB) filial i Karlstad kommer riskerna för spridning av miljöstörande avfall såsom asbest, dioxin, kvicksilver samt PCB att inventeras och utvärderas vid rivning av kemisk industrienhet vid Akzo Nobels anläggning i Skoghall.</p><p>Inventeringen begränsas till att omfatta den gamla kloralkalifabriken byggd 1938-1946 innehållande cellsalar, likriktarutrymmen samt personaldelar.</p><p>Riktad provtagning bygger på tidigare erfarenheter och kunskaper av liknande objekt. Byggnationsår kan ge indikationer på vilka ämnen som kan misstänkas finnas i ev. byggnad då vissa material användes under olika epoker. Metoden är ekonomiskt fördelaktig men ger inte en heltäckande bild över hur föroreningen är spridd.</p><p>Vid riskanalysen är den så kallade MIFO-modellen använd, där bedömning sker från tillgänglig data från den riktade provtagningen.</p><p>Efter genomgången gasskyddsutbildning gavs möjlighet att okulärbesikta gamla cellsalarna med tillhörande personalutrymmen, förråd samt transformator- och likriktarutrymmen. Prover togs för senare analys av asbest och övrig provtagning gällande kvicksilver på platsen är daterade 1999 av Envipro.</p><p>Analysresultaten påvisade ingen asbest i proverna. Enligt uppgift från ansvarig personal på Akzo Nobel har tidigare PCB-prover visat sig vara negativa. Dock har stora mängder kvicksilver påträffats i objektet.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att i cellsalen har halter som överstiger Naturvårdsverkets gränsvärden gällande mindre känslig markanvändning av kvicksilver uppmätts.</p><p>Detta är ett stort miljöproblem som måste åtgärdas så fort som möjligt.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>This degree thesis was made in cooperation with Chematur Engineering in Karlskoga.</p><p>Many of the environmental issues of today are a result of the motor traffic. Consumption of fossil fuels harms our environmental through formation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. To get under control with our environmental issues it’s important to find substitutes for oil that are both cheap and environmentally friendly. Ethanol has a long history as a motor fuel and is both enviromentally friendly has a high efficiency.</p><p>According to the EU commissions directives for motor fuels, 5, 75 % of all the fuels in Sweden should be renewable in 2010. Ethanol is international the most widely used and imported renewable fuel. 70 millions litres of ethanol is manufactured in Sweden yearly and the majority comes from the factory in Norrköping owned by Lantmännen. In order to make the Swedish ethanol more competitive the import duty has been increased in 2007.</p><p>The ethanol produced in Sweden mainly is made from wheat and grain, while the production in USA mainly is corn based.</p><p>Ethanol can be manufactured by fermentation from all materials containing suger or some form of chemical composition that can be transformed into suger. The raw material used for ethanol production can be divided into three groups: suger, starch and cellulose.</p><p>Biostil is a process developed in order to make ethanol production as cheap and environmentally friendly as possible. This method is used to manufacture both fuel and technichal ethanol. The raw material used is all kinds of starch containing material.</p><p>Chematur Engineering has developed their own concept within biostil called BiostilÒ 2000. Biostil is a recycling concept that gives a high ethanol yield and lower water consumption.</p><p>To be able to develop the biostil furher, Chematur Engineering aims to build a pilot plant on Kilsta industrial estate.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Detta examensarbete gjordes i samarbete med Chematur Engineering i Karlskoga.</p><p>Många av dagens miljöproblem kommer från biltrafiken. Förbrukning av fossila bränslen som exempelvis olja skadar vår miljö genom de utsläpp som bildas i form av koldioxid och andra växthusgaser. För att kunna få bukt med våra miljöproblem krävs det att substitut till olja hittas som är både kostnadseffektiva och miljövänliga.</p><p>Etanol har länge använts som drivmedel för fordon, det är ett mer miljövänligt alternativ samtidig som det också har hög effektivitet.</p><p>5,75 % av de drivmedel som används i Sverige år 2010 ska vara förnyelsebara enligt EUs direktiv. Etanol är det förnyelsebara drivmedel som används mest internationellt och importeras till högsta grad. I Sverige idag tillverkas ca 70 miljoner liter om året och Lantmännens anläggning i Norrköping står för den största delen. Etanolen som produceras i Sverige kommer främst från spannmål som vete och korn, medan etanolproduktionen i ex. USA mestadels är majsbaserad.</p><p>Etanol kan framställas med fermentering från alla material innehållande socker eller någon form av kemisk sammansättning som kan omvandlas till socker. De råvaror som används vid etanolframställning via fermentering delas in i tre typer: socker, stärkelse och cellulosamaterial.</p><p>Biostil är en process utvecklad för att göra etanolproduktion så billig och miljövänlig som möjligt. Processen används för att tillverka både bränsleetanol och teknisk sprit och man använder sig av socker eller stärkelseinnehållande råvaror.</p><p>Chematur Engineering har utvecklat ett eget koncept inom Biostil kallat BiostilÒ 2000. Biostil går i kort ut på att få ut så mycket etanol som möjligt ur biomassa genom recirkulation och andra åtgärder för att minska exempelvis vattenanvändningen. Tanken är att Chematur Engineering ska bygga en biostil pilotanläggning på Kilsta industriområde för att kunna utveckla processen ytterligare.</p>

<p>At Rottneros pulp mill mechanical pulp is bleached with hydrogen peroxide. The changes of bleaching chemicals that are used for different grades are taken from bleaching tables; however these tables are old and need to be updated. The purpose of this thesis was to be the basis of new documentation.</p><p>In this thesis three pulps where studied with the aim to find the optimal bleaching chemical changes (total NaOH/VP-quote) for each pulp. The pulps were taken from the filter before the bleaching tower and the pulps were bleached in the lab. The most important pulp property in this study was the brightness and how that was influenced by the chemical dosages. A fiberline inspection was also done to examine the brightness gain during the process. Finally a study was carried out to examine how freeness affected the brightness for low- and high freeness pulps.</p><p>The studies showed that reduced chemical consumption was possible to achieve for all pulps studied. For pulp CA 683 a total NaOH/VP-ratio of 0,8 was suggested, while the ratio were 1,1 for CA 970 and 0,7 for CS 770.</p><p>Lower freeness increased the brightening of the pulp at the same chemical consumption.</p>

A carton-board package is often sealed and closed with an adhesive. Package requirements vary depending on how the package is to be used. A package that is only supposed to protect the product during transport differs from one that is supposed to attract consumers and facilitate the use of the product by consumers. Fracture of the adhesive joint may occur in several different ways, e.g. cohesive fracture in the adhesive, interfacial fracture between the adhesive and one of the carton-board surfaces, and cohesive fracture in the carton board. The traditional way of testing the adhesive joint is to subjectively evaluate the fibre tear after manually tearing the joint apart. The adhesives used in carton-board packages are either hot-melt adhesives (adhesives that are applied in a molten state on the carton board) or dispersion adhesives (adhesives that are applied as water-based dispersions). The primary interest of this study has been to find an objective method that can characterise the adhesive joint, i.e. the strength and joint characteristics. The work has principally concentrated on physical experiments where the Y-peel method is evaluated and further developed, including construction of a laboratory adhesive applicator. Adhesive joint failure is analysed and correlated to the force-elongation curve in order to explore various mechanisms of adhesive-joint failure. The force versus elongation curves are transformed into a force versus inelastic deformation curve for the adhesive joint. The inelastic deformation of the adhesive joint is defined as the inelastic opening of the adhesive joint perpendicular to the carton-board surface. The dissipative descending energy has been used to evaluate the adhesive joint. High descending dissipative energy resulted in high resistance against final failure of the joint. This correlates very well with the manual fibre-tear test. Characteristic force-elongation curves in Y-peel testing, i.e. the shape of the curve, have been analysed and found to have four main failure modes. Using both the newly designed adhesive applicator and the Y-peel test method revealed a large discrepancy, about three orders of magnitude, between the theoretical thermodynamic analysis and the experimental test result. The new objective method can be used to design the interaction between the adhesive and the carton-board surface for a specific application. This can be achieved by modifying the carton board, the adhesive or the process parameters.

The barrier properties of greaseproof paper are achieved by extensive beating of the fibres. This treatment results in high costs for energy, both as beating energy and drying energy. A full-scale trial has been performed to investigate the role of the pulp with respect to energy demand and the barrier properties of the final papers. The paper made of 100% sulphite pulp with a low degree of beating showed the lowest energy consumption at a given level of barrier properties such as air permeance, grease resistance and water vapour transmission rate. The papers produced in the full-scale trial have been used as substrates for coating. Greaseproof paper has a closed surface and should therefore be a good base paper for barrier coatings. Chitosan has been used as a barrier coating because of its good oxygen barrier properties. Moreover, chitosan is a renewable material. Coating trials on a bench-scale showed that greaseproof paper can be upgraded to provide a good oxygen barrier. The oxygen barrier could not be achieved on a pilot-scale using the metered size press technique, because of the low coat weight applied. The influence of the base paper on the barrier properties of chitosan-coated paper has been investigated. It was found that greaseproof paper is better than a paper with a higher porosity. The coating seemed to stay more on the surface of the greaseproof papers and to form a continuous coating layer with better barrier properties.

This thesis deals with three actual issues of ruminant degradation and escape of dietary components: One of the main emphasis has been on how particle size distribution of concentrated feed affects the degradation and ruminal escape. Feed manufacturers producing compound feeds for ruminants want to increase the fraction of undergraded starch and protein feed passing out of the rumen, and the particle size distribution of the feed may be used to increase this fraction. The residence time distribution of concentrate particle was not much affected by the particle size in the range from 0.1 to 2.8 mm, but the degradation kinetics of barley and maize was substantially depressed by increased particle size. For maize the ruminal degradability was strongly dependent of the particle size, but for barely this effect was much weaker because the degradation kinetics was much faster than the passage kinetics. However, expander treatment of barely to reduce protein degradability would probably increase the effects of particle size on degradability since this treatment decrease the degradation rates. The second part of this thesis deals with the possibilities to simplify the laborious in situ technique used for ruminal degradation measurements in Norway. This study showed that the number of incubation times could be reduced to two or three without sacrificing much accuracy. The amount of human work and the total incubation time could therefore be reduced by this method. In the last part of this thesis we study the degradation of soluble nitrogen fractions of fresh grass and grass silage, which are the main forages in Norway. Half or more of the total N in grass silage is in the form of soluble non-protein nitrogen – mainly small peptides and free amino acids. Therefore, it is important to know how much of the soluble peptides and free amino acids that escaped the rumen to improve the accuracy of determination of the protein value of grass and grass silage. The results obtained showed that approximately 10% of the soluble dietary nitrogen escaped the rumen, and the data also indicated that the synthesis of microbial protein from fresh grass was more efficient than silage, caused by a better access to energy for this synthesis.

QC 20100525

Nip Mechanics and Hydrodynamics of Flexo Post-Printing and Print Quality