Observe and research 5083 Alumium spinking

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syfte</p><p>Syftet med denna undersökning var att ta reda på hur unga konsumenter födda mellan 1975-85, som flyttat hemifrån uppfattar symbolen ”Nyckelhålet”. Syftet är vidare att ta reda på om det föreligger skillnader mellan en lågprisbutiks respektive normalprisbutiks kunder samt mellan män och kvinnor. För att utröna syftet har jag tagit hjälp av totalt fem frågeställningar: 1. Känner konsumenterna igen symbolen? 2. Hur beskriver konsumenterna sin förståelse för symbolen? 3. Vilka egenskaper tillskriver konsumenterna symbolen? 4. Av vilken anledning väljer respektive väljer inte konsumenten varor märkta med Nyckelhålet? 5. Varifrån har konsumenterna fått kännedom om Nyckelhålet?</p><p>Metod</p><p>60 respondenter, 30 stycken från en normalprisbutik och 30 stycken från en lågprisbutik, har besvarat en enkät med totalt 21 frågor. 36 av respondenterna var kvinnor och 24 stycken var män. Enkäten utformades med både öppna och slutna frågor. Urvalsgruppen är född mellan 1975-85 och har alla flyttat hemifrån. Enkäten har delats ut i anslutning till varor märkta med Nyckelhålet och där har jag då funnit mina respondenter. Enligt en uppskattning av kundunderlaget nådde jag ut till 33% av kundunderlaget för min urvalsgrupp i lågprisbutiken, och 29% i normalprisbutiken.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Alla respondenter utom en kände igen symbolen Nyckelhålet. Konsumenterna förstår Nyckelhålet som en symbol som förmedlar nyttiga/hälsosamma/sunda samt fettsnåla produkter. Konsumenterna beskriver symbolens egenskaper som fettsnål och nyttig/hälsosam. De valde också att köpa produkter med dessa egenskaper. Konsumenterna valde ibland bort dessa varor p.g.a. priset. Media förefaller vara den informationskanal där konsumenterna vanligen fått kännedom om symbolen. Det fanns inga klara skillnader i svaren mellan män och kvinnor eller mellan konsumenter från de olika butikerna.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Unga konsumenter födda 1975-85 som har flyttat hemifrån har förstått Nyckelhålets egenskaper väl. Så gott som alla respondenter känner igen symbolen. Majoriteten av respondenterna uppfattar symbolens innebörd som fettsnål, nyttig och hälsosam. Det är också orsaken till att de konsumerar varor märkta med Nyckelhålet. En stor andel av konsumenterna väljer bort nyckelhålsmärkta produkter på grund av priset. Media förefaller vara den kanal som konsumenterna till störst del fått kännedom om Nyckelhålet. Överlag så skiljer sig män och kvinnors kunskaper om Nyckelhålets egenskaper marginellt. Detsamma gäller för kunderna från lågprisbutiken respektive normalprisbutiken. Tidigare forskning har pekat på att en stor andel av respondenterna tror att Nyckelhålet är en form av miljömärkning, så även i denna undersökning.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Aim</p><p>The purpose of this research was to find out how consumers born between 1975-85 who has left their parents home comprehend the “Keyhole mark” symbol. The purpose is also to find out if there is any difference between men and women as well as consumers from the low price store and the normal price store. To evaluate this I have chosen five questions as starting points; 1. Do consumers recognize the symbol? 2. How do consumers describe their understanding of the symbol? 3. What qualities do the consumers ascribe to the keyhole mark? 4. What reasons do the consumer have to choose or not choose products with the keyhole mark? 5. From where has the consumer got the knowledge of the keyhole mark?</p><p>Method</p><p>60 people, 30 customers at a normal price store and 30 customers at a low price store have answered a questionnaire containing 21 questions. 36 of the people responding were women, and 24 were men. The questionnaire contained both open and closed questions. The selected group is born between 1975-85 and all of them have moved out from their parents home. I have been standing next to products marked with the keyhole mark, and there I have found my respondents. According to an estimation of the possible consumers for the stores I have managed to reach 33% of my sample group at the low price store and 29% at the normal price store.</p><p>Results</p><p>All of the people responding except one recognized the symbol Keyhole mark. The consumers understand the Keyhole mark as a symbol that conveys healthy and low fat products. Consumers describe the symbol as a mark of low fat and healthy food. They also choose to buy products with these qualities. Consumers do sometimes not choose these products due to the price. Media seems to be the information channel from where the consumers mainly have obtained knowledge of the symbol. There are no clear differences between the answers given by men and women, or between the consumers in the two different types of stores.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Consumers born between 1975-85, who has moved out from their parents home understand the keyhole marks properties well. As good as all respondents recognize the symbol. The majority of the respondents describe the symbol as a mark of low fat and healthy food. That is also the reason why they choose to buy these products. A large percentage of the consumers consider these products expensive. Media appears to be the channel, where a great part of the consumers have obtained knowledge about the keyhole mark. Differences between men´s and women’s knowledge about the keyhole mark are marginal. The same scenario concerns the differences between consumers in the low price store and the normal price store. Earlier studies have shown that a great percentage of the consumers consider the keyhole mark to be kind of environmental mark. The same results was found in the present study .</p>

Sammanfattning Syfte Syftet med denna undersökning var att ta reda på hur unga konsumenter födda mellan 1975-85, som flyttat hemifrån uppfattar symbolen ”Nyckelhålet”. Syftet är vidare att ta reda på om det föreligger skillnader mellan en lågprisbutiks respektive normalprisbutiks kunder samt mellan män och kvinnor. För att utröna syftet har jag tagit hjälp av totalt fem frågeställningar: 1. Känner konsumenterna igen symbolen? 2. Hur beskriver konsumenterna sin förståelse för symbolen? 3. Vilka egenskaper tillskriver konsumenterna symbolen? 4. Av vilken anledning väljer respektive väljer inte konsumenten varor märkta med Nyckelhålet? 5. Varifrån har konsumenterna fått kännedom om Nyckelhålet? Metod 60 respondenter, 30 stycken från en normalprisbutik och 30 stycken från en lågprisbutik, har besvarat en enkät med totalt 21 frågor. 36 av respondenterna var kvinnor och 24 stycken var män. Enkäten utformades med både öppna och slutna frågor. Urvalsgruppen är född mellan 1975-85 och har alla flyttat hemifrån. Enkäten har delats ut i anslutning till varor märkta med Nyckelhålet och där har jag då funnit mina respondenter. Enligt en uppskattning av kundunderlaget nådde jag ut till 33% av kundunderlaget för min urvalsgrupp i lågprisbutiken, och 29% i normalprisbutiken. Resultat Alla respondenter utom en kände igen symbolen Nyckelhålet. Konsumenterna förstår Nyckelhålet som en symbol som förmedlar nyttiga/hälsosamma/sunda samt fettsnåla produkter. Konsumenterna beskriver symbolens egenskaper som fettsnål och nyttig/hälsosam. De valde också att köpa produkter med dessa egenskaper. Konsumenterna valde ibland bort dessa varor p.g.a. priset. Media förefaller vara den informationskanal där konsumenterna vanligen fått kännedom om symbolen. Det fanns inga klara skillnader i svaren mellan män och kvinnor eller mellan konsumenter från de olika butikerna. Slutsats Unga konsumenter födda 1975-85 som har flyttat hemifrån har förstått Nyckelhålets egenskaper väl. Så gott som alla respondenter känner igen symbolen. Majoriteten av respondenterna uppfattar symbolens innebörd som fettsnål, nyttig och hälsosam. Det är också orsaken till att de konsumerar varor märkta med Nyckelhålet. En stor andel av konsumenterna väljer bort nyckelhålsmärkta produkter på grund av priset. Media förefaller vara den kanal som konsumenterna till störst del fått kännedom om Nyckelhålet. Överlag så skiljer sig män och kvinnors kunskaper om Nyckelhålets egenskaper marginellt. Detsamma gäller för kunderna från lågprisbutiken respektive normalprisbutiken. Tidigare forskning har pekat på att en stor andel av respondenterna tror att Nyckelhålet är en form av miljömärkning, så även i denna undersökning. / Abstract Aim The purpose of this research was to find out how consumers born between 1975-85 who has left their parents home comprehend the “Keyhole mark” symbol. The purpose is also to find out if there is any difference between men and women as well as consumers from the low price store and the normal price store. To evaluate this I have chosen five questions as starting points; 1. Do consumers recognize the symbol? 2. How do consumers describe their understanding of the symbol? 3. What qualities do the consumers ascribe to the keyhole mark? 4. What reasons do the consumer have to choose or not choose products with the keyhole mark? 5. From where has the consumer got the knowledge of the keyhole mark? Method 60 people, 30 customers at a normal price store and 30 customers at a low price store have answered a questionnaire containing 21 questions. 36 of the people responding were women, and 24 were men. The questionnaire contained both open and closed questions. The selected group is born between 1975-85 and all of them have moved out from their parents home. I have been standing next to products marked with the keyhole mark, and there I have found my respondents. According to an estimation of the possible consumers for the stores I have managed to reach 33% of my sample group at the low price store and 29% at the normal price store. Results All of the people responding except one recognized the symbol Keyhole mark. The consumers understand the Keyhole mark as a symbol that conveys healthy and low fat products. Consumers describe the symbol as a mark of low fat and healthy food. They also choose to buy products with these qualities. Consumers do sometimes not choose these products due to the price. Media seems to be the information channel from where the consumers mainly have obtained knowledge of the symbol. There are no clear differences between the answers given by men and women, or between the consumers in the two different types of stores. Conclusions Consumers born between 1975-85, who has moved out from their parents home understand the keyhole marks properties well. As good as all respondents recognize the symbol. The majority of the respondents describe the symbol as a mark of low fat and healthy food. That is also the reason why they choose to buy these products. A large percentage of the consumers consider these products expensive. Media appears to be the channel, where a great part of the consumers have obtained knowledge about the keyhole mark. Differences between men´s and women’s knowledge about the keyhole mark are marginal. The same scenario concerns the differences between consumers in the low price store and the normal price store. Earlier studies have shown that a great percentage of the consumers consider the keyhole mark to be kind of environmental mark. The same results was found in the present study .

Analytical three-dimensional temperature field in the liquid and heat-affected zones and prediction of the three-dimensional fusion zone shape around the keyhole produced by a moving high-intensity beam are provided. Determination of the fusion zone shapes is of fundamental and practical importance to understand properties and microstructures of joints. In this work, the keyhole is idealized by a paraboloid of revolution in a finite workpiece subject to an incident flux of a Gaussian distribution.Introducing analytical solutions of three-dimensional analytical temperature field, the dimensionless width, leading and rear edges, and depth of the fusion zone are analytically found to be a function of the dimensionless parameters governing beam power per unit penetration, location of the workpiece surface and shape of the keyhole. The dimensionless parameters governing the keyhole shape can be evaluated from a force balance at the keyhole base. The results show the effects of welding parameters, such as the dimensionless beam power, Peclet number, cavity opening radius, Biot number, thickness of workpiece, and the parameter approximating convection, on the shape of the fusion zone and the temperature of keyhole surface. A significant difference in the fusion zone shapes predicted between the line-source solution and this work indicates the strong effects of three-dimensional heat transfer. Agreement between the prediction from this work and available experimental data is achieved.

Des métastases cérébrales vont se développer chez 10 à 30% des patients atteints de cancer. La radiothérapie fait partie des possibilités de traitement, et ceci même si les dommages induits au cerveau par des rayonnements ionisants sont potentiellement importants. Nous proposons l’utilisation de l’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) sur le rat pour mieux comprendre ces effets. Ce mémoire traite de la mise en place d’un tel protocole d’IRMf. Les principaux points abordés sont la préparation de l’animal, les différentes insultes et stimulations sensorielles possibles ainsi que la méthode d’acquisition. Notre protocole d’insulte hyperoxique permet de déceler des dommages physiques d’origine vasculaire suite à une intense irradiation dans le cerveau du rat. Toutefois, la même procédure associée à une stimulation mécanique de la patte arrière de l’animal n’amène pas de changement observable à l’IRMf sur un sujet sain. Malgré tout, ce type de stimulation induit une réponse respiratoire, même sous anesthésie d’isoflurane. Une telle méthode n’est donc pas adéquate à l’étude d’animaux anesthésiés, surtout ceux dont la réponse cérébrale pourra avoir été réduite par une irradiation. Quelques améliorations et modifications du protocole seraient possiblement à même de permettre une mesure reproductible de la réponse d’IRMf à une stimulation sensorielle. Le présent mémoire décrit les tentatives de mise en place d’une stimulation sensorielle donnant lieu à une activation IRMf reproductible et localisée. De plus, un protocole de traitement d’image adapté au petit animal ainsi qu’une implémentation de la méthode keyhole ont été mis en place. L’insulte hyperoxique et ses effets sur le cerveau de rat ont été explorés plus en détail.

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Keyhole laser welding is a joining technology characterised by the high focussed power density applied to the workpiece, facilitating deep penetration at high processing speeds. High aspect-ratio welds produced using this process invariably have narrow heat-affected-zones and minimal thermal distortion compared with traditional arc welding processes. Furthermore, the ability to process out of vacuum and the easy robotic manipulation of fibre optically delivered 1μm wavelength laser beams, allow keyhole laser welding to process geometrically complex components. The widespread uptake of keyhole laser welding for the production of titanium alloy components in the aerospace industry has been limited by the stringent weld quality requirements. Producing welds with levels of subsurface weld metal porosity content meeting the required weld quality criteria has been the primary obstacle. Here, three techniques for controlling the levels of weld metal porosity when welding titanium alloys with Nd:YAG rod lasers have been developed. Characterisation of the welding processes using high speed photography and optical spectroscopy, have allowed an original scientific understanding of the effects these methods have on the keyhole, melt pool and vapour plume behaviour. Combining this with a thorough assessment of the weld qualities produced, has enabled the effects of these process behaviours on the formation of weld metal porosity to be determined. It was found that with the correct process parameters a directed gas jet and a dual focus laser welding condition can both be used to reduce the occurrence of keyhole collapse during Nd:YAG laser welding. The directed gas jet prevents the formation of a beam attenuating vapour plume and interacts with the molten metal to produce a stable welding condition, whereas the dual focus laser welding condition reduces fluctuations in the process due to an enlarged keyhole. When applied, both techniques reduced the occurrence of porosity in the weld metal of full penetration butt welds produced in titanium alloys. A modulated Nd:YAG laser output, with the correct waveform and modulation frequency, also reduced the occurrence of porosity in the weld metal compared with welds produced with a continuous-wave output. This was a result of an oscillating wave being set-up in the melt pool which manipulated the keyhole geometry and prevented instabilities in the process being established. In addition, the potential for welding titanium alloys to the required weld quality criteria with state-of-the-art Yb-fibre lasers has been assessed. It was found that the high power densities of suitably focussed laser beams with excellent beam quality, were capable of producing low-porosity full penetration butt welds in titanium alloys without the techniques required for laser beams with a lower beam quality. These new techniques for keyhole laser welding of titanium alloys will encourage the uptake of keyhole laser welding for producing near-net-shape high-performance aerospace components. The advantages offered by this joining technology include high productivity, low heat input and easy robotic automation.

A volumetric heat source finite element model is proposed to simulate the key hole effect during the Nd:YAG pulse laser welding. The measured data has been used to correlate the volumetric model parameters and the laser parameters. The laser power distributed in the beam cross area is in a Gaussian type. Two heat transfer models are employed in the fusion area, i.e the surface absorption heat transfer model in the low power intensity region and the keyhole heat transfer model in the high power intensity region. An experimentally measured critical power intensity is introduced to identify the occurrence of keyhole effect. The value of critical power intensity is dependent on the welding material. A series of MARC finite element simulations based on the proposed single pulse model are performed to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of this proposed pulse laser welding model. Different power and welding duration pulse laser have used to weld the S304L specimens. The results indicate a good agreement between the simulated and measured shape and size of the weld pool with different laser energy intensities. The validity of the proposed model is confirmed for the S304L steel. The temperature and residual stress distributions around the welding pool in a continuous pulse welding and two sheet overlap welding have also been studied by using the proposal model. The numerical results indicate that the pulse energy, duration and dwell period may affect the residual stress distribution and post-weld deformation significantly. All these results reveal that the proposed volumetric heat source finite element model is a feasible model to analyze the welding phenomena during the pulse laser welding. The results indicate that the pulse dwell period increase in dual pulse laser welding the residual stress decrease on the top of the weld spot surface. The results also show the lower residual stress in multi spots pulse laser welding with smaller weld spots center pitch and weld spot dwell period.

Here we seek to identify the conditions for the collapse of the molten metal layer surrounding a keyhole filled with vapor and liquid particles during high power density laser and electron beam welding processes. Investigating the collapse of the liquid layer is essential for a fundamental understanding of pore formation in the keyhole mode welding. We treat the collapse of the keyhole as similar to a transition between the slug and annular two-phase flows in a vertical pipe of varying cross-section. A quasi-steady, one-dimensional model for two-phase flow is developed and solved assuming that the mixture in the core is homogenous. Ignoring friction within the liquid layer and considering supersonic flow in the keyhole, the two phase flow regimes can be divided into four regions characterized by entrainment and deposition of liquid particles. Keyhole collapse occurs from entrainment, whereas the keyhole exhibits wavy shape from deposition. A condition for the formation of macro-porosity based on a fundamental understanding of annular two-phase flow is presented.