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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Kinetic studies of GaAs growth and doping by molecular beam epitaxy

Tok, Eng Soon January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
2

Contribuição ao estudo por SAXS da estrutura e cinética de formação de híbridos orgânico/sílica / Contribution to the study by SAXS of the structure and kinetic formation of organic/silica hybrids

Awano, Carlos Miranda 12 April 2017 (has links)
Neste trabalho, estudam-se por espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo (SAXS) a estrutura e a cinética de formação de materiais híbridos orgânico/inorgânico, preparados por processo sol-gel a partir da hidrólise de misturas de organometálicos de silício funcionalizados. Num primeiro sistema, a evolução estrutural de uma mistura hidrolisada 2:1 molar de Tetraetoxisilano (TEOS) e 3-Glicidoxipropiltrimetoxisilano (GPTS) foi estuda em função do tempo in situ por SAXS, nas temperaturas de 25&deg;C, 43&deg;C e 60&deg;C. Os resultados são compatíveis com o crescimento de domínios ricos em sílica (clusters) formados a partir de um número fixo de partículas primárias. O raio de giração, Rg , dos clusters e a intensidade de SAXS extrapolada a zero, I(0), crescem com o tempo t seguindo leis de potência da forma Rg &prop; (t-t0)&alpha; e I(0) = B(t-t0)&beta;, sendo &alpha; e &beta; e independentes da temperatura e B uma medida da constante de velocidade k = &beta;B1/ &beta; do processo, uma função de Arrhenius da temperatura. A energia de ativação &Delta;E = 67,7 &plusmn; 1,1 kJ/mol foi estimada para o processo. A intensidade I(0) também escala experimentalmente com Rg na forma I(0) &prop; RgD com D = 1,71 &plusmn; 0,01, em boa concordância com o valor &beta;/&alpha; = 1,79 &plusmn; 0,07 obtido do estudo cinético. O crescimento de macromoléculas com dimensionalidade de 1,7 é típico de macromoléculas diluídas ou semidiluídas em condições de bom solvente. Os resultados de SAXS ainda sugerem que o sistema exibe propriedades dinâmicas de escala limitadas pelo tamanho das partículas primárias. Num segundo sistema, a evolução estrutural de uma mistura hidrolisada 1:1 molar de 3-Aminopropiltrietoxisilano (APTS) e 3-Glicidoxipropiltrimetoxisilano (GPTS) foi estuda em função do tempo in situ por SAXS, em temperatura ambiente. Os resultados são compatíveis com a formação de partículas primárias e crescimento de clusters com características de fractal de massa (1 < D< 3). No estágio inicial, a população de partículas primárias não fractais (D = 3) aumenta em função do tempo. O crescimento de clusters com características fractais de massa (D < 3) a partir da agregação das partículas primárias aumenta gradativamente o raio médio de giração Rg do sistema. Nos estágios mais avançados de agregação, o crescimento dos clusters ocorre por aumento do número de partículas por cluster (enquanto o número de clusters diminui), de forma que o volume de correlação Vc dos clusters satisfaz a relação Vc &prop; RgD, mesmo que os valores de D cresçam lenta e regularmente de 1,22 a 1,57 dentro do intervalo estudado, em concordância com o carácter fractal de massa dos clusters. Esses resultados suportam um mecanismo de agregação cluster-cluster controlado por difusão. / In this work, the structure and the kinetics of formation of organic/inorganic hybrid materials, prepared by sol-gel process from the hydrolysis of mixtures of functionalized silicon organometallics, are studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). In a first system, the structural evolution of a 2:1 molar hydrolyzed mixture of Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) was studied in situ as a time function by SAXS, at 25&deg;C, 43&deg;C and 60&deg;C. The results are compatible with the growth of silica rich domains (clusters) from a fixed number of primary particles. The gyration radius, Rg, of the clusters and the intensity extrapolated to zero, I(0), increase in power laws with time t as Rg &prop; (t-t0)&alpha; and I(0) = B(t-t0)&beta;, being &alpha; and &beta; independents on temperature while B is a measure of the process rate constant k = &beta;B1/&beta;, an Arrhenius function of temperature. The activation energy &Delta;E = 67.7 &plusmn; 1.1 kJ/mol was evaluated for the process. The extrapolated intensity I(0) also scales experimentally with Rg as I(0) &prop; RgD with D = 1.71 &plusmn; 0.01, in good agreement with the value &beta;/&alpha; = 1.79 &plusmn; 0.07 from the kinetic study. The growth of macromolecules with dimensionality 1.7 is typical of diluted or semi-diluted macromolecules in good-solvent conditions. The SAXS results yet suggest that the system exhibits dynamic scaling properties limited by the primary particle size. In a second system, the structural evolution of a 1:1 molar hydrolyzed mixture of 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) and 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) was studied in situ as a time function by SAXS, at ambient temperature. The results are compatible with formation of primary particles and growth of clusters with mass-fractal characteristics (1 < D < 3). At the initial stage, the population of the non-fractal primary particles (D = 3) increases with time. The growth of the mass-fractal clusters (D < 3) from the aggregation of the primary particles increases gradually the average radius of gyration Rg of the system. At advanced stages of aggregation, the growth of the clusters occurs by the increase of the number of particles per clusters (while the number of clusters diminishes), in such a way that the correlation volume of the clusters Vc fulfills the relationship Vc &prop; RgD, even though the values of D have increased slowly and gradually from 1.22 to 1.57 in the studied range, in agreement with a mass-fractal character of the clusters. These results support a diffusion-controlled cluster-cluster aggregation mechanism.
3

Solvent and additive effects on the appearance of polymorphs of p-aminobenzoic acid

Black, James January 2016 (has links)
P-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a polymorphic compound with two known polymorphs - alpha with a needle morphology and β with a rhombic morphology. It is an enantiotropic compound with a transition temperature at 13.8oC, where alpha is more thermodynamically stable above transition temperature and β is more thermodynamically stable below. At the beginning of this project, crash-cooling crystallisation experiments were conducted to determine the effect of solvent, temperature and supersaturation on the nucleating polymorphs of PABA. Three solvents were tested (water, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol) over a range of supersaturations and temperatures. The results suggested that polymorph appearance of PABA was heavily influenced by kinetics, as opposed to thermodynamics of the system, disagreeing with Ostwald's rule of stages. The project then focussed on the ability of tailor-made additives to select the crystallising polymorph of PABA from supersaturated solutions of PABA in isopropyl alcohol. Crash-cooling crystallisation experiments were performed using two additives: 4-amino-3-nitrobenzoic acid, and 4-amino-3-methoxybenzoic acid. Results showed that alpha PABA crystallised below a critical concentration of either additive, and above that critical concentration, β PABA would crystallise. To determine whether the additives were affecting the nucleation and/or growth kinetics of alpha PABA and β PABA, a series of nucleation and growth experiments were conducted using a Crystal16 multiple stirred reactor and a crystal growth cell respectively. The results showed that both additives greatly reduced the attachment frequency of growth units to alpha PABA nuclei, and inhibited the growth rate of alpha PABA seed crystals. Nucleation data could not be obtained for β PABA, but in terms of crystal growth, both additives did not affect growth rate of β PABA to a noticeable degree. Gravimetric and HPLC experiments were also employed to measure the solubility effects of both additives on PABA in isopropyl alcohol. Results showed that both additives did not appear to affect PABA's solubility to a noticeable degree.
4

Contribuição ao estudo por SAXS da estrutura e cinética de formação de híbridos orgânico/sílica / Contribution to the study by SAXS of the structure and kinetic formation of organic/silica hybrids

Carlos Miranda Awano 12 April 2017 (has links)
Neste trabalho, estudam-se por espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo (SAXS) a estrutura e a cinética de formação de materiais híbridos orgânico/inorgânico, preparados por processo sol-gel a partir da hidrólise de misturas de organometálicos de silício funcionalizados. Num primeiro sistema, a evolução estrutural de uma mistura hidrolisada 2:1 molar de Tetraetoxisilano (TEOS) e 3-Glicidoxipropiltrimetoxisilano (GPTS) foi estuda em função do tempo in situ por SAXS, nas temperaturas de 25&deg;C, 43&deg;C e 60&deg;C. Os resultados são compatíveis com o crescimento de domínios ricos em sílica (clusters) formados a partir de um número fixo de partículas primárias. O raio de giração, Rg , dos clusters e a intensidade de SAXS extrapolada a zero, I(0), crescem com o tempo t seguindo leis de potência da forma Rg &prop; (t-t0)&alpha; e I(0) = B(t-t0)&beta;, sendo &alpha; e &beta; e independentes da temperatura e B uma medida da constante de velocidade k = &beta;B1/ &beta; do processo, uma função de Arrhenius da temperatura. A energia de ativação &Delta;E = 67,7 &plusmn; 1,1 kJ/mol foi estimada para o processo. A intensidade I(0) também escala experimentalmente com Rg na forma I(0) &prop; RgD com D = 1,71 &plusmn; 0,01, em boa concordância com o valor &beta;/&alpha; = 1,79 &plusmn; 0,07 obtido do estudo cinético. O crescimento de macromoléculas com dimensionalidade de 1,7 é típico de macromoléculas diluídas ou semidiluídas em condições de bom solvente. Os resultados de SAXS ainda sugerem que o sistema exibe propriedades dinâmicas de escala limitadas pelo tamanho das partículas primárias. Num segundo sistema, a evolução estrutural de uma mistura hidrolisada 1:1 molar de 3-Aminopropiltrietoxisilano (APTS) e 3-Glicidoxipropiltrimetoxisilano (GPTS) foi estuda em função do tempo in situ por SAXS, em temperatura ambiente. Os resultados são compatíveis com a formação de partículas primárias e crescimento de clusters com características de fractal de massa (1 < D< 3). No estágio inicial, a população de partículas primárias não fractais (D = 3) aumenta em função do tempo. O crescimento de clusters com características fractais de massa (D < 3) a partir da agregação das partículas primárias aumenta gradativamente o raio médio de giração Rg do sistema. Nos estágios mais avançados de agregação, o crescimento dos clusters ocorre por aumento do número de partículas por cluster (enquanto o número de clusters diminui), de forma que o volume de correlação Vc dos clusters satisfaz a relação Vc &prop; RgD, mesmo que os valores de D cresçam lenta e regularmente de 1,22 a 1,57 dentro do intervalo estudado, em concordância com o carácter fractal de massa dos clusters. Esses resultados suportam um mecanismo de agregação cluster-cluster controlado por difusão. / In this work, the structure and the kinetics of formation of organic/inorganic hybrid materials, prepared by sol-gel process from the hydrolysis of mixtures of functionalized silicon organometallics, are studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). In a first system, the structural evolution of a 2:1 molar hydrolyzed mixture of Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) was studied in situ as a time function by SAXS, at 25&deg;C, 43&deg;C and 60&deg;C. The results are compatible with the growth of silica rich domains (clusters) from a fixed number of primary particles. The gyration radius, Rg, of the clusters and the intensity extrapolated to zero, I(0), increase in power laws with time t as Rg &prop; (t-t0)&alpha; and I(0) = B(t-t0)&beta;, being &alpha; and &beta; independents on temperature while B is a measure of the process rate constant k = &beta;B1/&beta;, an Arrhenius function of temperature. The activation energy &Delta;E = 67.7 &plusmn; 1.1 kJ/mol was evaluated for the process. The extrapolated intensity I(0) also scales experimentally with Rg as I(0) &prop; RgD with D = 1.71 &plusmn; 0.01, in good agreement with the value &beta;/&alpha; = 1.79 &plusmn; 0.07 from the kinetic study. The growth of macromolecules with dimensionality 1.7 is typical of diluted or semi-diluted macromolecules in good-solvent conditions. The SAXS results yet suggest that the system exhibits dynamic scaling properties limited by the primary particle size. In a second system, the structural evolution of a 1:1 molar hydrolyzed mixture of 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) and 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) was studied in situ as a time function by SAXS, at ambient temperature. The results are compatible with formation of primary particles and growth of clusters with mass-fractal characteristics (1 < D < 3). At the initial stage, the population of the non-fractal primary particles (D = 3) increases with time. The growth of the mass-fractal clusters (D < 3) from the aggregation of the primary particles increases gradually the average radius of gyration Rg of the system. At advanced stages of aggregation, the growth of the clusters occurs by the increase of the number of particles per clusters (while the number of clusters diminishes), in such a way that the correlation volume of the clusters Vc fulfills the relationship Vc &prop; RgD, even though the values of D have increased slowly and gradually from 1.22 to 1.57 in the studied range, in agreement with a mass-fractal character of the clusters. These results support a diffusion-controlled cluster-cluster aggregation mechanism.

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