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Shakespeare's history plays are not merely benign representations of various historical figures and events but the site of political, cultural, and ideological contestation at the time of their performance. Richard II documents two divergent theoretical approaches to sovereignty which are more applicable to the political climate in Shakespeare's time than Richard's. In this essay, I read this play through the lens of various political tracts and historical tendencies dominant in late Elizabethan England. Though such an analysis might best be understood as historical materialist in orientation, I offer a contextual analysis of various modes of early modern political thought drawing variously upon theoretical precepts associated with new historicism as well as the 'ideas in context' school associated with Quentin Skinner, among others. / Such an analysis reveals a shift in the mode of theoretical discourse. Richard's divine-right/monarchical approach to sovereignty based in an overarching ecclesiastical power base gives way to Bolingbroke's pragmatic and consensus driven politics. This shift mirrors the movement in late 16$ rm sp{th}$ and early 17$ rm sp{th}$ century England from traditional religious arguments offered by Richard Hooker, John Whitgift, and residually by James I to a more secular political discourse inaugurated by Machiavelli and his English adherents and symptomatic of the reign of Elizabeth herself. Roughly speaking this modulation follows the pattern of paradigm shifts in the physical sciences exposed by Thomas Kuhn's influential Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). The emergent theory, while marking a rapid and overwhelming reorientation of the terms and initial presuppositions of political discourse, draws in many crucial respects on the accrued tenets of the outgoing paradigm. The play therefore acts as a retroactive representation of a political reformation which occurred much later than the events depicted in the play.

The subject of this investigation is how Shakespeare used his sources in Richard II. The sources to be investigated are Edward Hall's History of England, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Ireland and Scotland; The Civil Wars between the Two Houses of Lancaster and York, by Samuel Daniel; and The First Part of the Reign of King Richard the Second: Or Thomas of Woodstock, an anonymous manuscript play.

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This thesis seeks to examine not any single theory of kingship in Shakespeare's 'Henriad', but the evolving methods of its representation from Richard II's assumed embodiment of monarchic authority to Henry V's unapologetic performance of the kingly role. As well, it explores how a shared awareness of authority's performed nature forces the spectator into knowing her own creative authority and in doing so, heightens not only the tension between gazer and gazed-upon, but also lays bare the spectator's need to watch a desired object and the performing object's overarching wish to be watched. The paper's critical foundation ranges from phenomenological approaches to the theatre and gender performance to studies on the spectacle of kingship.

This thesis is a study of the anticipatory remarks and choric comments in Richard II, Parts I and II of Henry IV, and Henry V.

This study purports to examine several areas of similarity between the chronicle history plays by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Edward II and Richard II are alike in many ways, most strikingly in the similarity of the stories themselves. But this is a superficial likeness, for there are many other likenesses--in purpose, in artistry, in language--which demonstrate more clearly than the parallel events of history the remarkable degree to which these plays resemble each other.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Renato Ferraz da Silveira.pdf: 1652261 bytes, checksum: 1f09a3145db00592751c3a62891ac56e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The tragedy of the politics is the certainty of the unexpected, the constant replacement of human energies, the effort to avoid the inevitable, the search for order and harmony, in face of the imbalance and chaos. By means of theoretical research, this study comes to the understanding about the shattering and devastating meaning of politics as tragedy, in that it´s searched, by the Hermeneutic, focus, relate, analyze William Shakespeare´s work historical time, the English king Ricardo II government, beyond the controversial theory of the kings divine right reinforced, discussed and extended by the English jurists during Queen Elizabeth govern (1558-1603). It was selected, as analysis cuttings, the conflicts, paradoxes, tensions, search for legality and legitimacy, the imminent human beings involvement in a tragic dimension in which life and death, ascent and decadence, glory and failure are inevitable and constituents phases of the political power eternal dispute . It´s believed that Shakespeare has achieved reveal the Two Bodies of the king tragedy in that piece called Ricardo II. By that reason, that medieval legal doctrine of the Shakespeare literary output cannot be separated and, if that theory has been losing its meaning in time, it still has human and concrete meaning nowadays; this, in great extent, dues to him. It is considered, in this study, that Shakespeare dominated the jargon of almost all the human position, besides the contact of this with the constitutional and legal speech of his time. Besides that, the poet conception about the king twin nature does not depend on constitutional protection only, since the piece conceives, a lot naturally, the king twin nature. In that sense, it is expected that the present study contributes for the understanding search of the Two Bodies of the king theory, that it´s constituted in a ramification of the Christian theological thought and, consequently, that piece remains like a Christian political theology landmark / A tragédia da política é a certeza do inesperado, a constante reposição de energias humanas, o esforço para evitar o inevitável, a busca da ordem e da harmonia em face do desequilíbrio e do caos. Por meio de pesquisa teórica, este estudo volta-se para o entendimento acerca do impactante e devastador significado de política como tragédia, em que buscamos, com base na Hermenêutica, enfocar, relacionar, analisar o tempo histórico da obra de William Shakespeare, o governo do rei inglês Ricardo II, além da controversa teoria do direito divino dos reis reforçada, discutida e ampliada pelos juristas ingleses durante o governo da rainha Elisabeth (1558-1603). Foram selecionados como recortes para análise os conflitos, paradoxos, tensões, busca de legalidade e legitimidade, os iminentes envolvimentos dos seres humanos, numa dimensão trágica, em que vida e morte, ascensão e decadência, glória e fracasso são etapas inevitáveis e constitutivas da eterna disputa pelo poder político. Acreditamos que Shakespeare tenha alcançado revelar a tragédia dos Dois Corpos do rei nessa peça Ricardo II. Por essa razão, não se pode separar essa doutrina jurídica medieval da produção literária de Shakespeare e, se essa teoria esvaneceu no tempo, ainda possui, hoje, significado concreto e humano; isso, em grande parte, deve-se a ele. Consideramos, neste trabalho, que Shakespeare dominava o jargão de quase todo o ofício humano, além do contato deste com a fala constitucional e jurídica de seu tempo. Além disso, a concepção do poeta sobre a natureza gêmea do rei não depende de amparo somente constitucional, uma vez que a peça concebe, muito naturalmente, a natureza geminada do rei. Nesse sentido, esperamos que o estudo em pauta contribua para a busca do entendimento da teoria dos Dois Corpos do rei, que se constitui em uma ramificação do pensamento teológico cristão e, consequentemente, essa peça permaneça como marco da teologia política cristã