The Condrey Mountain Schist (CMS) occupies a window through Late Triassic amphibolite facies melange in the north central Klamath Mountains in northern California and southwest Oregon. The schists owe their present level of exposure to a large structural dome centered on the Condrey Mountain Window. Transitional blueschist-greenschist facies assemblages are widespread in mafic schists in the structurally lowest levels of the window; structurally higher CMS near the window margins contains medium- to high-pressure greenschist facies parageneses. An ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar crossite age indicates a late Middle Jurassic age of metamorphism. All subunits of the CMS contain evidence of progressive, polyphase deformational and metamorphic histories. The styles and geometries of minor structures in the central part of the window suggest that early folding and transposition was the result of noncoaxial deformation, and that rotational strains were replaced by irrotational flattening strains with time. Rotational strains were accompanied by the development of epidote-crossite assemblages and the growth of deerite in meta-ironstones; irrotational flattening strains were accompanied and followed by the growth of albite, actinolite, spessartine, and the Ba-silicate, cymrite. Pressure-temperature estimates, the relative ages of mineral growth and deformation, and strain geometries are consistent with, but not restricted to, a subduction zone environment. High shear strains may reflect descent and burial, whereas flattening and late, static mineral growth occur during uplift. Pressure-temperature estimates for the overlying CMS greenschists suggest temperatures similar to those in the central part of the window, but at slightly lower pressures. Thrusting of the overlying amphibolites at 150-156 Ma occurred while the amphibolites were above about 500°C. Stretching lineations indicate a movement vector of about N45W. Comparisons of the sequence and timing of metamorphic and structural events, radiometric ages, and movement directions during thrusting indicate the CMS does not represent an inlier of Klamath Western Jurassic Belt flysch but is instead an older, isolated thrust plate. Similarities with the age of metamorphism and plutonism in the overlying amphibolites suggest the two plates may be remnants of the same Middle Jurassic paired metamorphic belt. / text

An understanding of the tectonic history of the Klamath Mountains is crucial for a valid paleogeographic reconstruction of the Pacific Northwest. However, prior to this study there were very few paleomagnetic (PM) data from the Klamath Mountains (KN), which resulted in conflicting interpretations about the role of the KM province in the tectonic evolution of western North America. Twenty-eight sites from five unmetamorphosed Middle Jurassic KM plutons with K-Ar ages ranging from 161 to 139 m.y.B.P. yielded stable PM results showing (1) a direction for the 160 in.y.B.P. Ashland pluton (D=324°, I=163°, α₉₅=8°, n=6) nearly concordant with the coeval expected direction (D=337°, 1=54°) and (2) clockwise rotated directions for the plutons of Grants Pass (D=045°, I=67°, α₉₅=12°, n=4), Greyback (D=083°,I=63°, α₉₅=9, n=9), and the Wooley Creek batholith and Slinkard pluton combined (D=037°, 160°, α₉₅=ll°, n=9). Tectonic interpretations of these PM data are difficult; two interpretations are offered to explain the observed directions. In the first, the mean PM direction of the four plutons with discordant directions (D=057°, 1=65°, α₉₅=7°, n=22) is restored to the expected 150 m.y.B.P. (the average K-Ar age for these four plutons) direction by rotation of a rigid block ~87° in a counterclockwise sense about a vertical axis (the possibility of tilt of these four plutons is disregarded in this interpretation). The Ashland pluton which shows no rotation is problematic. Either there was (is) a tectonic boundary west of the Ashland pluton, separating it from the rotation of the others, or the Ashland pluton was influenced both by clockwise rotation and tilt, the combined effect producing an essentially concordant PM direction. In the second interpretation we distinguish between the northern KN, intruded by the Grants Pas and Greyback Mountain plutons, and the southern region intruded by the Wooley Creek batholith and the Ashland and Slinkard plutons. The bases for this distinction are recent geologic and gravity studies which suggest that post-Middle Jurassic uplift of the domal Condrey Mountain Schist may have caused radially outward tilt of its adjacent terranes and plutons intruded therein, causing some of the observed discordances in their PM directions. Thus, in the second interpretation it is envisioned that (a) the northerly portion of the KM, intruded by the Grants Pass and Greyback plutons, was affected primarily by clockwise rotation about a vertical axis, and (b) discordant directions for the remaining plutons intruded farther south are due primarily to tilt in response to Condrey Mountain uplift. Based on the observed inclinations, there is no evidence of transport of the Klamath Mountain province along lines of longitude since Middle Jurassic time. Tectonic interpretations of the PM results of this study are consistent with significant post-Middle Jurassic clockwise rotation of the Klamath Mountains. The first interpretation above yields ~87° of clockwise rotation of the terrane examined. According to the second interpretation, a clockwise rotation of ~l00° is inferred from the average of the PM results of the northern Grants Pass and Greyback plutons. Therefore, 10° to 25° of clockwise rotation of the KM may have occurred prior to the formation of the Oregon Coast Range (~55 m.y.B.P.) and the two provinces may have rotated together since post-Lower Eocene time. / Graduation date: 1983

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1955. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

The original purpose of this study was a detailed structural analysis of the Jurassic Otter Point Formation in order to determine if the Canyonville Fault Zone, which forms the northern boundary of the Klamath Mountains in the Riddle - Canyonville area (Benson and Perttu, 1980), extends westward to the coast and, if possible, to characterize the structure of the Otter Point Formation. Further, a detailed examination of the structural and stratigraphic relationships between the Otter Point Formation and the Eocene Roseburg and Lookingglass Formations was to be performed in an attempt to determine the tectonic history of the area.

Greater numbers of people are moving into wildland-urban interface (WUI) areas, increasing the number of people at risk to large wildfires. To mitigate the hazard, emphasis is often placed on fuel treatments used to reduce fuel loads and subsequent fire behavior. This approach overlooks the additional benefits provided by vegetation, including carbon storage and sequestration along with air pollutant removal. This study aimed to calculate and compare differences in representative values by examining a study site in the Klamath Mountains of Northern California. Fire behavior simulations were done under various weather scenarios to illustrate both the impact of weather on fire intensity as well as the limitations of various fuel treatments. Ecosystem services were modeled using the I-tree Eco software (formerly the Urban Forest Effects model). Results showed a reduction in surface and an increase in canopy base height from the treatments and subsequent reductions in fire intensity under moderate and high conditions with the largest difference occurring in the Thin + Fire treatment. Under extreme weather conditions, the effectiveness of all fuel treatments was reduced. Ecosystem services showed a reduction of carbon sequestration in the fuel treatments corresponding to the reduction of smaller diameter trees from the fuel treatments. The greatest difference occurred in the Thin + Fire treatment. These results and the methods used to acquire them show the impacts from fuel treatments can be characterized and compared. This information will allow land managers to make decisions that account for a variety of considerations, while also providing them with tools that can facilitate the cooperation and collaboration of multiple stakeholders.

xiv, 227 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: KNIGHT QE720.2.K53 B75 2008 / The Holocene vegetation and fire history of the Klamath Mountains (KM), northern California, was reconstructed at three sites based on an analysis of pollen and high-resolution macroscopic charcoal in lake-sediment cores. These data were compared with five existing records to examine regional patterns. The objective was to determine the relative importance of climate history, substrate, and disturbance regime on the development of the Klamath vegetation. In the first study, two middle-elevation sites were compared along a moisture gradient in the northern KM. The pollen data indicated a similar vegetation history, beginning with subalpine parkland in the late-glacial period, and changing to open forest in the early Holocene and closed forest in the late Holocene. However, the timing of these changes differed between sites and is attributed to the relative importance of coastal influences and topography. The second study examined the effect of substrate and nutrient limitations on the vegetation history. The pollen data suggest that ultramafic substrates (UMS), containing heavy metals and low nutrients that limit plant growth, supported drier plant communities than those on non-ultramafic substrates (NUMS) for any given period. For example, between 14,000 and 11,000 cal yr BP, cooler and wetter conditions than present led to the establishment of a subalpine parkland of Pinus monticola and/or Pinus lambertina, Tsuga, Picea on non-ultramafic substrates (NUMS). On UMS, an open Pinus jeffreyi and/or Pinus contorta woodland developed. In the early Holocene, when conditions were warmer and drier than present, open forests of Pinus monticola/lambertina , Cupressaceae, Quercus and/or Amelanchier grew on NUMS, whereas open forest consisting of Pinus Jeffreyi/contorta , Cupressaceac and Quercus developed on UMS. In the late Holocene, cool wet conditions favored closed forests of Abies, Pseudotsuga , and Tsuga on NUMS, whereas Pinus jeffreyi/contorta , Cupressaceae and Quercus forest persisted with little change on UMS. The charcoal data indicate that past fire activity was similar at all sites, implying a strong climatic control. The results of both studies suggest that the influence of Holocene climate variations, disturbance regime, and substrate type have helped create the current mosaic of vegetation in the KM. / Adviser: Cathy Whitlock, Patrick Bartlein

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Antler and Sonoma orogenies occurred along the southwest-trending passive Pacific margin of North America during the Paleozoic concluding with the accretion of the McCloud Arc. A southeast-trending sinistral transform fault truncated the continental margin in the Permian, becoming a locus for initiation of an east-dipping subduction zone creating the Sierran magmatic arc. Constrained in age between two early Triassic tuff layers, the volcanic clasts in the breccia of Frog Lakes represent one of the earliest records of mafic magmatism in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Tholeiitic rock clasts found in the breccia of Frog Lakes in the Saddlebag Lake pendant in the east central Sierra Nevada range in composition from 48% to 63% SiO2. Boninites produced by early volcanism of subduction initiation by spontaneous nucleation at the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc are more depleted in trace element concentrations than the clasts while andesites from the northern volcanic zone of the Andes produced on crust 50 km thick have similar levels of enrichment and provide a better geochemical modern analogue. Textural analysis of the breccia of Frog Lakes suggest a subaqueous environment of deposition from a mature magmatic arc built on continental crust > 50 km thick during the Triassic. The monzodiorites of Saddlebag and Odell Lakes are temporal intrusive equivalents of the breccia of Frog Lakes and zircon geochemistry indicates a magmatic arc petrogenesis.