No description available.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to design a stripping column according to given requirements. At the beginning, the contaminant is described, in this case ammonia. Next section is putting emphasis on stripping columns, the principle, possible construction options etc. The main part of this thesis is focused on the design itself, including calculation of various parameters as well as simplified construction possibility. Drawing documentation is included in the attachment.

The target of diploma thesis was to improve author’s theoretical and practical design knowledge of process engineering. In the diploma thesis a Simplified Basic Engineering Project of distillation unit has been developed. It was necessary to become familiar with the process technology and formal requirements of Basic Engineering Project. The most important parts of Basic Engineering Project are material and heat balances. Material and heat balances are the corner stones of distillation unit equipment design. Parameters of process equipment are presented in the form of equipment datasheets. The specification of pipelines is based on material and heat balances too. Inevitable part of Basic Engineering are Process Flow Diagram and Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (PFD & PID). Process Flow Diagram and Piping and Instrumentation Diagram include all equipment, piping and basic control loops.

This diploma thesis deals with the development of an HPLC method for the determination of selected compounds participating in enzymatic reaction leading to the formation of gallic acid. The analysed reaction mixture contains the following reagents: shikimic acid, NADP+ and shikimatedehydrogenase (SDH) extracted from parsley; the presumed product of the reaction is gallic acid. Two chromatographic methods for the determination of the above mentioned compounds were developed using C18 HPLC column and porous graphitic carbon Hypercarb column. Molecular absorption spectrometric detection in the UV range was used in all measurements. Separation on the C18 column was found particularly suitable for analysing the composition of the end products of the reaction. Because of the NADP+ and shikimic acid peak overlap it is necessary to observe absorbance at 212 and 260 nm. Shikimic acid and NADP+ can be quantified due to the fact that shikimic acid does not absorb at 260 nm while NADP+ absorb radiation at both wavelengths. Separation via Hypercarb column was found particularly suitable for analysing the process of the reaction; additional products or intermediates can be seen in chromatograms compared to the C18 method. Determination with Hypercarb column is characterized by higher sensitivity and lower limit...

In this diploma thesis, capillary columns with an inner diameter of 530 microns filled with gel particles were prepared. These columns are intended for gel chromatography. Three various methods of filling were used for their preparation. The first method was based on filling of wet particles in suspension with the organic solvent, followed by drying and swelling of particles with water into the form of gel. The second method used filling of wet particles in the suspension form with the aqueous phase. The last method started with suction of dry gel particles by air and continued with their subsequent swelling with water into the form of the gel. The prepared columns have been compared analysing hyaluronic acid and thiourea. The basic parameters specified for the gel column chromatography were determined by using phenylalanine. The pressure characteristics depending on the flow rate of mobile phase were used to compare the quality of packing of the columns prepared by various methods.

Šiame bakalauro baigiamajame darbe suprojektuotas prekybos centras "PRISMA", kurį numatyta statyti Pakruojo mieste esančiame sklype.Pirmoje dalyje aprašoma pastato sklypo planas, pastato charakteristika, jo konstrukciniai sprendimai, bei inţineriniai tinklai. Taip pat pateikti atitvarų šilumos perdavimo koeficiento skaičiavimai. Konstrukcinėje dalyje suprojektuota surenkama gelţbetoninės perdangos plokštė, metalinės sijos 12 m ir 6m ir viena pasirinkta gelţbetoninės kolona. Technologinėje dalyje pateikiama gelţbetoninių kolonų montavimo technologinė kortelė. Aprašomas mechanizmų parinkimas. Kolonų montavimo kokybės kontrolės reikalavimai, taip pat pagrindiniai saugumo technikos reikalavimai. Brėţiniuose pateikti darbų ir darbininkų pareikalavimo grafikai. Ekonominėje dalyje pateikti darbų kiekių ţiniaraščiai ir pagal juos parengta Pastato lokalinė sąmata su mechanizmų ir medţiagų ţiniaraščiais. / In this final bachelor work there is the designed shopping centre "PRISMA", which is foreseen to be constructed in the free plot of Pakruojis.First part consists of brief description of the plan of the plot, building characteristics, its construction solutions and engineering networks. In addition, there are calculationsof coefficients of heat-transferring walls. In the constructions part, there is a designed collectable reinforced floor slab, 12 m and 6 m metallic beams and one chosen reinforced column. In the technological part, there is given a card of reinforced columns estimations. Selection of mechanisms is also descripted. What is more, it consists of requirements of column construction’s quality control and main technical safety. Throughout the drawings there are demand graphs of works and workers. Economical part consists of sheets with quantity of works, and accordingly prepared local estimate of building with sheets of mechanisms and materials.

This master‘s thesis deals with the design of a control system for a distillation column. It deals with the issue of distillate production and acquaints the reader with the necessary knowledge that is necessary to understand the purpose of the work. The practical part of the work presents a specific distillation column, the means for its control and the method of implementation of the control system, then the visualization of the control system and the method of control. Part of the work is the evaluation of the results and benefits of the work.

The aim of this master’s thesis was to create a control system for laboratory distillation column model. There are two different models considered. Real and software model. For the real model suitable components were selected and the model was built. Software model allows safe testing of control algorithm functionality without the need of real model. The simple visualization that works with both models was developed. Both distillation column models - real and software - were tested as a last phase of work.

<p><strong>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).</strong></p><p>Sumporni oksidi najče&scaron;će prisutni polutanti u atmosferi direktno utiču na zdravlje Ijudi i stvaranje kiselih ki&scaron;a ugrožavajući ekosistem. Razvijen je veliki proj postupaka odsumporavanja otpadnih gasova, dok je u naj&scaron;iroj upotrebi mokri neregenerativni postupak apsorpcije koji koristi jeftine hemikalije, kreč ili krečnjak. Zbog toga se posebna pažnja posvečuje i ispitivanju regenerativnih postupaka kod kojih se apsorpciono sredstvo delimično ili u potpunosti regeneri&scaron;e, a pri čemu su gubici apsorpcionog fluida zanemarljivi. Postupak sa limunskom kiselinom upravo ispunjava poslednji zahtev. Ostale prednosti ovog postupka su fleksibilnost, bez prisustva koplikovanih procesnih postupaka, mali oksidacioni gubici sumpor dioksida i netoksičnost reagensa.<br />Pri projektovanju kolone za odsumporavanje otpadnih gasova neophodno je poznavanje ravnotežnih podatka para-tečnost, hidrodinamičkih parametara (pad pritiska i količina zadržane tečnosti) i prenosa mase kao jednog od direktnih pokazatelja brzine apsorpcije ili ukupne brzine reakcije.<br />Izveden je matematički model ravnoteže za predvidjanje ravnotežnog parcijalnog pritiska sumpor dioksida iznad vodenog rastvora natrijum citrata za ceo opseg pH vrednosti pufera i temperature na osnovu eksperimentalnih vrednosti. Zaustavnom metodom je odredjena količina zadržane tečnosti u koloni. Analizirane su jednačine date u literaturi za predvidjanje pada pritiska i zapreminskih koeficijenata prenosa mase i odabrane one koje se mogu primeniti na odabrani sistem sumpor dioksid/citratni pufer.<br />Na osnovu eksperimentalnih podataka para-tečnost, hidrodinamičkih parametara i odabranih jednačina za prenos mase, izvr&scaron;en je proračun visine apsorpcione kolone sa Raschigovim prstenovima za izdvajanje sumpor dioksida iz otpadnog gasa i pokazano je da pad pritiska za eksperimentalno primenjene protoke gasa i tečnosti odgovara literaturno predloženom opsegu.</p> / <p><strong>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).</strong></p><p>Control of sulfur dioxide emission has a relatively long history, especially in major industrial countries due to its common occurence and harmful effects. A number of dry and wet process comprising regenerable and throw-away process were investigated, but the wet throw-away process become the most widely accepted. The use of the flue gas desulphurization process with sodium citrate solution is recommended, as it is found that sodium citrate meets the specific needs of reversible sulphur dioxide absorption to buffer range as well as its capacity, chemical and physical stability.<br />Packed columns are widely used in the chemical industry for gas/liquid mass and heat transfer operations and they have found special use in small fractionating towers. Their use has also been found to be advantageous where corrosion control is essential. Fundamental steps necessary for design of absorption column for sulfur dioxide removal are:<br />- determination of vapor-liguid eguiiibrium data for the citrate buffer,<br />- determination of hydrodynamic parameters, i.e. holdup and pressure drop,<br />- determination gas-liquid mass transfer coefficients.<br />On the basis of the experimentally determined vapour pressures data, a model of the gas- equilibria was formulated. Holdups were measured for air/sodium citrate solution using the draining method. Also, literature-proposed eguations for determination of pressure drop, volumetric liquid-phase and gas-phase mass transfer coefficient in packed column were presented and chosen those that could be applied to flue gas/citrate puffer system. Therefore, on the base of obtained results the preposition for the design of packed column is presented.</p>

The topic of the diploma thesis is fast separation of explosives by HPLC and development of miniaturized liquid chromatograph for application in a handheld explosives detection device. In this work the retention of some nitrated explosives and selectivity in reversed phase system as a function of mobile phase composition is studied while methanol, acetonitrile and acetone as an organic solvent is used. Best selectivity and good retention can be observed in methanol mobile phase. Acetonitrile and acetone are not suitable for fast isocratic separation of mixture containing pentaerythritol tetranitrate because of its strong retention. Efficiency and permeability of monolithic column (Chromolith CapRod RP-18e) and columns filled with superficially porous particles are compared (Kinetex 2,6 µm C-18, Poroshell 120 SB-C18). Monolithic column with satisfying efficiency and high column permeability is the most suitable solution for fast separation of explosives. Assuming use of explosives detection device in different conditions the separation was optimized on temperature 50 °C. Under these conditions the 35% v/v methanol gives good retention and selectivity. For very fast scan analysis of pentaerythritol tetranitrate or other nitroaromatics use of 70% v/v acetone mobile phase is suitable. Construction of miniaturized liquid chromatograph that enables preconcentration of explosives from aqueous solutions and fast separation in less than 1 minute is described. This concept will be incorporated into the handheld explosives detection device where the explosives vapor will be absorbed into the water and after the separation detected by chemiluminescence.