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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Drehzahlvariable Dampfturbinenanlage mit schnelldrehender permanenterregter Synchronmaschine

Benecke, Frank January 2007 (has links)
Zugl.: Dresden, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2007
222

Development and test of interaction potentials for complex metallic alloys Entwicklung und Test von Wechselwirkungspotenzialen für komplexe intermetallische Verbindungen /

Brommer, Peter. January 2008 (has links)
Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2007.
223

Nutzung der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung zum Ausgleich elektrischer Leistungsschwankungen

Meerbeck, Bernhard. January 2001 (has links)
Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2001.
224

Entwicklung und Test von Wechselwirkungspotenzialen in Quasikristallen

Brommer, Peter. January 2003 (has links)
Stuttgart, Univ., Diplomarb., 2003.
225

Quasi-van-der-Waals-Epitaxie von II-VI-Halbleitern auf Schichtgitterchalkogeniden und GaSe-terminierten Si(111)-Oberflächen

Wisotzki, Elmar. Unknown Date (has links)
Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Darmstadt.
226

Experimentelle Wärme-, Stoffübergangsuntersuchungen an einem rotierenden Kühlkanalmodell mit Rippen

Rathjen, Lars. Unknown Date (has links)
Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Darmstadt.
227

Determinação de constituintes químicos em polpas Kraft branqueadas e revertidas / Determination of the chemical constituints responsible of the brightness reversion in bleached Kraft pulp

Azevedo, Marco Antônio Bandeira 16 June 2005 (has links)
Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-10-05T13:21:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2284729 bytes, checksum: d77764c2106723f7ab5062d61d33da4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T13:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2284729 bytes, checksum: d77764c2106723f7ab5062d61d33da4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A celulose Kraft branqueada comercializada no mercado internacional tem a alvura e a reversão de alvura como principais parâmetros de caracterização ótica. O estudo químico detalhado sobre o processo de alvura é de extrema importância para indústria de polpa de celulose e papel. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo químico de duas polpas celulósicas industriais (polpa B e polpa V) pré-deslignificadas com oxigênio (Pré-O2), que foram branqueadas em laboratório utilizando-se duas seqüências distintas de branqueamento, e também submetidas à reversão por duas metodologias. As polpas pré-deslignificadas com oxigênio foram submetidas ao branqueamento ECF completo (Isento de cloro elementar) com as seqüências D(EP)DP e AZDP, com alvura final de 90% ISO. Os extratos das polpas foram analisados por espectroscopia no infravermelho. Foram observadas diferenças na intensidade das bandas comuns, principalmente no extrato em acetona. Em seguida os extratos foram analisados pela técnica de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM), que permitiu identificar ácidos carboxílicos, álcoois e ácidos graxos, esteróides, além de hidrocarbonetos e carboidratos. Em relação à estabilidade alvura, observou-se que o branqueamento pela seqüência D(EP)DP levou a menor estabilidade de alvura, principalmente pelo método de reversão úmida (9,5% ISO para polpa B e 8,1% ISO para polpa V). A polpa branqueada pela seqüência AZDP apresentou maior estabilidade de alvura, pelos dois métodos de reversão, principalmente para reversão a seco (0,9% ISO para polpa B e 0,5 para polpa V). Os ácidos graxos predominam nas frações dos extratos das polpas e permaneceram estáveis sob as condições de reversão de alvura, não sendo possível estabelecer uma correlação com a estabilidade de alvura. Os ácidos carboxílicos de baixa massa molecular, formados pela degradação de alguns dos carboidratos durante o branqueamento, aumentaram seu teor após a reversão úmida das polpas, o que provavelmente contribuiu para instabilidade de alvura. Os álcoois, esteróides e hidrocarbonetos apresentaram baixos teores nas polpas revertidas e, portanto, não se correlacionam com a reversão de alvura. O branqueamento com seqüências utilizando ozônio, seguido de peróxido de hidrogênio, resultou em polpas de maior estabilidade de alvura em relação à seqüência sem ozônio. A intensidade da reversão de alvura depende de fatores diversos. Alguns estudos apontam como possíveis agentes causadores da reversão o tipo de madeira, teor de metais, temperatura, lignina residual, grupos carbonila e carboxila. Deve-se ainda avaliar mais detalhadamente a contribuição de tais fatores, pois, isoladamente não justificam o fenômeno da reversão de alvura. / The blaeched Kraft pulp traded at the international markets has brightenss and brightenss reversion as the main parameters of optic characterization. The detailed chemical study of the brightenss process is of importance for pulp industry of cellulose and paper. In this work, it is presented the chemical study of two industrial cellulosic pulps (pulp B and pulp V) pre-dislignified with oxygen (Pré-O2), which were bleached at laboratory by two different sequences of bleaching, and were also submitted to reversion by two methodologies. The pulps pre-dislignified with oxygen were submitted to the complete bleaching ECF (elemental chorine free), with the sequences D(EP)DP and AZDP, obtaining final brightenss of 90% ISO. The pulp extracts were analyzed by spectroscopy in infrared. Differences were observed in intensity of common bands, mainly with the extract in acetone. Soon afterwards the extracts were analyzed by a technique using gas chromatographic coupled the mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which made possible the identification of carboxylic acids, alcohols and fatty acids, sterols, added to hydrocarbons and carbohydrates. In relation to brightenss stability, it was observed that bleaching by the sequence D(EP)DP took the smallest brightenss stability, mainly for the method of humid reversion (9,5% ISO for pulp B and 8,1% ISO for pulp V). The pulp bleached by the sequence AZDP presents larger stability of brightenss, for the two methods of reversion, mainly for dry reversion (0,9% ISO for pulp B and 0,5% for pulp V). The fatty acids prevail in fractions of pulp extracts and they remained stable under conditions such as reversion brightenss, not being possible the establishment of a correlation to brightenss stability. The carboxylic acids low molecular mass, formed by the degradation of some carbohydrates during bleaching, had their percentage increased after the pulps’ humid reversion, what probably contributed to the instability of brightenss. The alcohols, sterols and hydrocarbons presented low percentage in reverted pulps, thus, they are not correlated to the reversion brightenss. Bleaching with sequences using ozone, followed by hydrogen peroxide, resulted en pulps of larger stability of brightenss in relation to the sequence without ozone. The intensity in reversion brightenss depends on several factors. Some studies show percentage of metals, temperature, residual lignin, carbonyl and carboxyl groups as possible agents that may cause reversion. A more detailed evaluation of the contribution of such factors should be considered, as those factors, when isolatedly considered do not justify the phenomenon known by reversion brightenss.
228

Efeito da incorporação de resíduos de base florestal em propriedades de bioespumas rígidas de poliuretano

Delucis, Rafael de Ávila January 2018 (has links)
O uso de recursos florestais e madeireiros como cargas em matrizes poliméricas pode originar novos materiais com forte apelo ecológico e econômico. Dentre os resíduos do processamento mecânico e químico da madeira, há uma série de materiais de fácil acesso que podem ser manipulados a partir de certas técnicas de biorrefinaria, tais como a madeira, a casca de madeira, as pinhas (frutos do pinus), as acículas (folhas do pinus), a lignina residual (processo kraft) e o lodo de papel derivadas do processo químico de polpação celulósica. Tais matérias primas foram incorporadas em espumas rígidas e semi-rígidas de poliuretano (PU) processadas pelo método da expansão livre, utilizando-se uma mistura de óleo de mamona e glicerina loira como biopoliol, com vistas a obtenção de espumas quimicamente estáveis e ecologicamente corretas. A compatibilidade de algumas dessas cargas no sistema PU foi testada mediante reações induzidas na presença de isocianato e catalisador. As espumas PU foram caracterizadas por meio de técnicas de microscopia e espectroscopia, além de ensaios mecânicos, térmicos, higroscópicos, óticos, de resistência a chamas e de resistência à radiação UV. Por fim, foi avaliado o efeito de expansões sob confinamento nas propriedades morfológicas, mecânicas e térmicas do PU puro e de uma espuma carregada PU/madeira As espumas apresentaram estabilidade química e a inserção das cargas no PU puro possibilitou a obtenção de espumas com células homogêneas, melhor desempenho higroscópico, níveis similares de condutividade térmica e flamabilidade, além de maior brilho e diferentes padrões de cor. A farinha de madeira apresentou a maior afinidade com o sistema PU, seguida pela lignina kraft, resultando em espumas carregadas com células menores, mais arredondadas e com maior teor de células fechadas, além de espumas com maiores estabilidades térmica e dimensional. Todas as espumas apresentaram fotodegradações similares, marcadas por uma cor alaranjada, acompanhada por uma acentuada perda de brilho. As espumas carregadas naturalmente mais escuras foram mais resistentes à fotodegradação por serem capazes de causar um efeito contrário ao da descoloração natural do PU quando sujeito aos raios UV. O confinamento diminuiu o diâmetro médio de células da espuma PU/madeira e a anisotropia do PU puro, levando a formação de células mais homogêneas, marcadas por números de arestas rompidas e de células abertas aparentemente menores, que resultaram em maiores densidades aparentes e melhores propriedades mecânicas para espumas preparadas a 50% de confinamento e menor condutividade térmica para as espumas confinadas a 70%. / The use of forestry and wood-based resources as fillers in polymer matrices may originate new materials with strong environmental and economic appeals. Among the wastes from chemical and mechanical processing of wood, there are many materials readily available, which can be handled through biorrefinary techniques, like wood flour, wood bark, pine cones (fruits), pine needles (leaves), residual lignin (e.g. from kraft process) and paper sludge, the last two from the chemical processing of cellulosic pulp. In this thesis, such raw materials were incorporated into rigid and semi-rigid polyurethane (PU) foams prepared by the free-rising pouring method, using a mixture of castor oil and crude glycerin as a bio-based polyol in order to achieve chemically stable and eco-friendly foams. Compatibility of the fillers with the PU system was evaluated using induced reactions in the presence of isocyanate and catalyst. The PU foams were characterized by microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, as well as mechanical, thermal, hygroscopic, optical, flame resistance and UV radiation resistance tests. And the effect of rising under confinement on the morphological, mechanical and thermal properties of neat PU and wood/PU foam composites was also investigated The foams presented chemical stability and the addition of fillers into PU yielded foams with more homogeneous cells, better hygroscopic performance, similar thermal conductivities and flammabilities, as well as higher specular glosses and different colorimetric patterns. The wood flour presented the highest affinity with the PU system, followed by kraft lignin, resulting in foam composites with smaller and more rounded cells, with higher closed-cells content, and increased thermal and dimensional stabilities. All foams presented similar photodegradation behavior characterized by an orange color and a significant loss in specular gloss. The foam composites, being naturally darker, were more resistant to photodegradation, since they had an opposite effect related to natural discoloration under UV radiation. The confinement decreased cell diameter for the wood filled PU foam and the anisotropy index for neat PU foam, yielding more homogeneous cells, with fewer broken edges and open-cells, with greater apparent densities and better mechanical properties for foams prepared at 50% confinement and lower thermal conductivity for foams confined at 70%.
229

Efeito da incorporação de resíduos de base florestal em propriedades de bioespumas rígidas de poliuretano

Delucis, Rafael de Ávila January 2018 (has links)
O uso de recursos florestais e madeireiros como cargas em matrizes poliméricas pode originar novos materiais com forte apelo ecológico e econômico. Dentre os resíduos do processamento mecânico e químico da madeira, há uma série de materiais de fácil acesso que podem ser manipulados a partir de certas técnicas de biorrefinaria, tais como a madeira, a casca de madeira, as pinhas (frutos do pinus), as acículas (folhas do pinus), a lignina residual (processo kraft) e o lodo de papel derivadas do processo químico de polpação celulósica. Tais matérias primas foram incorporadas em espumas rígidas e semi-rígidas de poliuretano (PU) processadas pelo método da expansão livre, utilizando-se uma mistura de óleo de mamona e glicerina loira como biopoliol, com vistas a obtenção de espumas quimicamente estáveis e ecologicamente corretas. A compatibilidade de algumas dessas cargas no sistema PU foi testada mediante reações induzidas na presença de isocianato e catalisador. As espumas PU foram caracterizadas por meio de técnicas de microscopia e espectroscopia, além de ensaios mecânicos, térmicos, higroscópicos, óticos, de resistência a chamas e de resistência à radiação UV. Por fim, foi avaliado o efeito de expansões sob confinamento nas propriedades morfológicas, mecânicas e térmicas do PU puro e de uma espuma carregada PU/madeira As espumas apresentaram estabilidade química e a inserção das cargas no PU puro possibilitou a obtenção de espumas com células homogêneas, melhor desempenho higroscópico, níveis similares de condutividade térmica e flamabilidade, além de maior brilho e diferentes padrões de cor. A farinha de madeira apresentou a maior afinidade com o sistema PU, seguida pela lignina kraft, resultando em espumas carregadas com células menores, mais arredondadas e com maior teor de células fechadas, além de espumas com maiores estabilidades térmica e dimensional. Todas as espumas apresentaram fotodegradações similares, marcadas por uma cor alaranjada, acompanhada por uma acentuada perda de brilho. As espumas carregadas naturalmente mais escuras foram mais resistentes à fotodegradação por serem capazes de causar um efeito contrário ao da descoloração natural do PU quando sujeito aos raios UV. O confinamento diminuiu o diâmetro médio de células da espuma PU/madeira e a anisotropia do PU puro, levando a formação de células mais homogêneas, marcadas por números de arestas rompidas e de células abertas aparentemente menores, que resultaram em maiores densidades aparentes e melhores propriedades mecânicas para espumas preparadas a 50% de confinamento e menor condutividade térmica para as espumas confinadas a 70%. / The use of forestry and wood-based resources as fillers in polymer matrices may originate new materials with strong environmental and economic appeals. Among the wastes from chemical and mechanical processing of wood, there are many materials readily available, which can be handled through biorrefinary techniques, like wood flour, wood bark, pine cones (fruits), pine needles (leaves), residual lignin (e.g. from kraft process) and paper sludge, the last two from the chemical processing of cellulosic pulp. In this thesis, such raw materials were incorporated into rigid and semi-rigid polyurethane (PU) foams prepared by the free-rising pouring method, using a mixture of castor oil and crude glycerin as a bio-based polyol in order to achieve chemically stable and eco-friendly foams. Compatibility of the fillers with the PU system was evaluated using induced reactions in the presence of isocyanate and catalyst. The PU foams were characterized by microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, as well as mechanical, thermal, hygroscopic, optical, flame resistance and UV radiation resistance tests. And the effect of rising under confinement on the morphological, mechanical and thermal properties of neat PU and wood/PU foam composites was also investigated The foams presented chemical stability and the addition of fillers into PU yielded foams with more homogeneous cells, better hygroscopic performance, similar thermal conductivities and flammabilities, as well as higher specular glosses and different colorimetric patterns. The wood flour presented the highest affinity with the PU system, followed by kraft lignin, resulting in foam composites with smaller and more rounded cells, with higher closed-cells content, and increased thermal and dimensional stabilities. All foams presented similar photodegradation behavior characterized by an orange color and a significant loss in specular gloss. The foam composites, being naturally darker, were more resistant to photodegradation, since they had an opposite effect related to natural discoloration under UV radiation. The confinement decreased cell diameter for the wood filled PU foam and the anisotropy index for neat PU foam, yielding more homogeneous cells, with fewer broken edges and open-cells, with greater apparent densities and better mechanical properties for foams prepared at 50% confinement and lower thermal conductivity for foams confined at 70%.
230

Evaluation of Esterification as a Valorization Route for Oxidized Lignin

Lindmark, Johanna January 2017 (has links)
RISE Bioeconomy is working with the biorefinery concept. That is, for the company, to utilize all wood derivatives in effective processes, resulting in unique products. RISE Bioeconomy is investigating the possibilities of producing holocellulose through an oxidative delignification process of wood, using peracetic acid (PAA). The product, high-purity holocellulose, can be used for the production of for example cellulose nanofibers, a product that in recent years have increased in interest. The PAA-delignification process relies on oxidative treatment with peracetic acid, where the lignin is solubilized in water through the formation of carboxylic groups in the lignin, yielding cellulose of very low lignin content and minimal degradation of the cellulose. In addition to the holocellulose, a solution containing water, acetic acid, salts and highly oxidized lignin is obtained. The PAA-delignification has yet only been performed in lab-scale, however, the aim is to scale up the process. There has not yet been any further utilization of the oxidized lignin and it has been proposed that esterification of the carboxylic groups with an alcohol is a possible valorization route. Due to the up-scaling of the PAA-delignification, it is of large interest to find a valorization route for the lignin by-product to fulfill the biorefinery concept. This master thesis focuses on evaluating esterification of an oxidized lignin, with the aim to propose a process suitable for up-scaling. The lab trials for the PAA-delignification of wood yielded limited amounts of lignin and due to difficulties while isolating this lignin, it was not partially characterized until months into the project. Therefore, model compounds were initially used to evaluate the process setup. Compounds with muconic acid type structures are some of the expected products from PAA-delignification of wood and muconic acid was therefore used as a model compound. In addition to this, vanillic acid was used to represent the phenolic lignin compounds. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the vanillic acid esterification was shown to be a suitable method for analyzing the conversion of this reaction. Due to the difficulties with the analysis of the model compounds, no results regarding the reaction procedures were obtained. As a “proof-of-concept”, a kraft lignin was oxidized, isolated and then esterified. Two different methods of esterification were performed, with and without a molecular sieve. It was assumed that the amount of carboxylic groups would increase after oxidation and decrease after a successful esterification. The amount of carboxylic groups after each process was analyzed with Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P-NMR). For the process without molecular sieve, the 31P-NMR analysis indicated that esterification of the lignin had occurred, to a limited extent. This was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). The process with molecular sieve showed no indication of esterification of the lignin. The project did prove the concept of esterifying an oxidized lignin and led to several different proposals for further work in the area. Due to the very wide scope of this project and several unexpected obstacles, this project did not fully answer the research questions given.

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