FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Dentro das possibilidades terapÃuticas atuais para o tratamento de pacientes com problemas congÃnitos de metabolismo, a dieta constitui o pilar mais importante e a D-tagatose tem atraÃdo uma grande atenÃÃo nos Ãltimos anos devido a seus benefÃcios à saÃde humana, bem como à semelhanÃa de suas propriedades com a sacarose. Dentre as suas muitas aplicaÃÃes, ressalta-se o potencial em auxiliar no controle de peso, uma preocupaÃÃo crescente no Brasil, uma vez que a obesidade cresce a ritmos alarmantes. No entanto, a L-arabinose isomerase, enzima que catalisa isomerizaÃÃo de D-galactose em D-tagatose, ainda nÃo està disponÃvel comercialmente e, portanto, estudos visando à obtenÃÃo deste biocatalisador se fazem necessÃrios de maneira a viabilizar a implantaÃÃo do processo industrial. Portanto neste trabalho, estudou-se a obtenÃÃo da enzima L-arabinose isomerase utilizando uma cepa de Enterococcus faecium. A enzima produzida por fermentaÃÃo foi caracterizada e imobilizada em suportes a base de quitosana. Os resultados de estabilidade tÃrmica, operacional e de estocagem obtidos para a enzima imobilizada covalentemente sobre quitosana em meio alcalino (pH 10), confirmou a importÃncia do controle do pH durante a imobilizaÃÃo, uma vez que a formaÃÃo de uniÃes multipontuais à favorecida quando comparado ao pH 7,0. No entanto, baixas concentraÃÃes de proteÃna eram obtidas na etapa de fermentaÃÃo, portanto, estudou-se a produÃÃo da enzima L-AI de forma heterÃloga em Escherichia coli. As proteÃnas recombinantes expressas foram purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade em uma Ãnica etapa, e visualizadas em SDS-PAGE. O sucesso na construÃÃo do gene e na clonagem em vetores de expressÃo em E. coli resultou em quantidade satisfatÃria de expressÃo das proteÃnas recombinantes, pois apresentaram-se na forma solÃvel, facilmente purificadas e ativas, permitindo suas caracterizaÃÃes. Por ultracentrifugaÃÃo analÃtica foi possÃvel descobrir que a enzima L-AI recombinante tem uma tendÃncia para formaÃÃo de estruturas com maior tamanho (oligÃmeros). A seguir, suportes multifuncionais foram preparados para a imobilizaÃÃo da L-AI e observou-se uma rÃpida imobilizaÃÃo, apresentando um elevado rendimento de imobilizaÃÃo, superior a 75%. Devido à baixa estabilidade tÃrmica dos derivados, estudos futuros serÃo necessÃrios para a estabilizaÃÃo da estrutura quaternÃria desta enzima. / Within the current therapeutic options for treatment of patients with congenital metabolic problems, diet is the most important pillar and D-tagatose has attracted great attention in recent years because of its benefits to human health and due to its similarities with sucrose. Among its many applications, it emphasizes the potential to assist in weight management, a growing concern in Brazil, since obesity is growing at alarming rates. However, L-arabinose isomerase, the enzyme that catalyses the isomerization of D-galactose into D-tagatose, is not yet commercially available and therefore studies in order to obtain this biocatalyst are necessary in order to enable the implementation of the industrial process. Therefore, in this work, the production of L-arabinose isomerase by Enterococcus faecium was investigated. The produced enzyme was characterized and immobilized onto chitosan. Results of thermal, operational stability and self-life obtained by using L-AI, covalently immobilized onto chitosan in an alkaline medium (pH 10), confirmed the importance of the pH during immobilization, since multipunctuality is favored compared to pH 7.0. Nevertheless, enzyme concentration after fermentation was low and, therefore, we have studied the production of heterologous enzyme in Escherichia coli. The expressed recombinant proteins were purified by affinity chromatography by a single step, and displayed as a single band on SDS-PAGE. The successful construction of the gene and cloning into expression vectors in E. coli resulted in higher amount of the recombinant proteins, which are soluble, easily purified and active, allowing their characterization. Through analytical ultracentrifugation, it was possible to find that the recombinant L-AI has a tendency to form larger structures (oligomers). Multifunctional supports were prepared to L-AI immobilization, allowing achieving high yields (more than 75%) at short contact times. Due to the low thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme, future studies will be needed to stabilize its quaternary structure.

No description available.

In order to decrease our dependence on non-renewable petrochemical resources, it is urgently required to establish sustainable biomass-based biorefineries. Replacing fossil fuels with renewable biomass as a raw feedstock for the production of chemicals and biofuels is a main driving force of biorefinering. Almost all kinds of biomass can be converted to biochemicals, biomaterials and biofuels via continuing advances on conversion technologies. In vitro synthetic biology is an emergent biomanufacturing platform that circumvents cellular constraints so that it can implement some biotransformations better than whole-cell fermentation, which spends a fraction of energy and carbon sources for cellular duplication and side-product formation. In this work, the in vitro synthetic (enzymatic) biosystem is used to produce a future carbon-neutral transportation fuel, hydrogen, and two high-value chemicals, a sugar phosphate and a highly marketable sweetener, representing a new portfolio for new biorefineries. Hydrogen gas is a promising future energy carrier as a transportation fuel, offering a high energy conversion efficiency via fuel cells, nearly zero pollutants produced to end users, and high mass-specific and volumetric energy densities compared to rechargeable batteries. Distributed production of cost-competitive green hydrogen from renewable biomass will be vital to the hydrogen economy. Substrate costs contribute to a major portion of the production cost for low-value bulk biocommodities, such as hydrogen. The reconstitution of 17 thermophilic enzymes enabled to construct an artificial enzymatic pathway converting all glucose units of starch, regardless of the branched and linear contents, to hydrogen gas at a theoretic yield (i.e., 12 H2 per glucose), three times of the theoretical yield from dark microbial fermentation. Using a biomimetic electron transport chain, a maximum volumetric productivity was increased by more than 200-fold to 90.2 mmol of H2/L/h at a high starch concentration from the original study in 2007. In order to promote economics of biorefineries, the production of a sugar phosphate and a fourth-generation sweetener is under development. D-xylulose 5-phosphate (Xu5P), which cannot be prepared efficiently by regular fermentation due to the negatively charged and hydrophilic phosphate groups, was synthesized from D-xylose and polyphosphate via a minimized two-enzyme system using a promiscuous activity of xylulose kinase. Under the optimized condition, 32 mM Xu5P was produced from 50 mM xylose and polyphosphate, achieving a 64% conversion yield, after 36 h at 45 °C. L-arabinose, a FDA-approved zero-calorie sweetener, was produced from D-xylose via a novel enzymatic pathway consisting of xylose isomerase, L-arabinose isomerase and xylulose 4-epimerase (Xu4E). Promiscuous activity of Xu4E, a monosaccharide C4-epimerase, was discovered for the first time. Directed evolution of Xu4E enabled to increase the catalytic function of C4-epimerization on D-xylulose as a substrate by more than 29-fold from the wild-type enzyme. Together, these results demonstrate that the in vitro synthetic biosystem as a feasible biomanufacturing platform has great engineering, and can be used to convert renewable biomass resources to a spectrum of marketable products and renewable energy. As future efforts are addressed to overcome remaining challenges, for example, decreasing enzyme production costs, prolonging enzyme lifetime, engineering biomimetic coenzymes to replace natural coenzymes, and so on. This in vitro synthetic biology platform would become a cornerstone technology for biorefinery industries and advanced biomanufacturing (Biomanufacturing 4.0). / Ph. D.

La synthèse énantiosélective de la (+)-ambruticine S, un produit naturel antifongique a été effectuée au sein de notre groupe. Trois approches ont été développées pour la synthèse du fragment lactone (cycle A). Ces trois voies d’accès au cycle A ont pour intermédiaire commun le methyl α-D-glycopyranoside déjà porteur du diol requis et disponible commercialement à bon prix. Une désoxygénation de l’hydroxyle en C-4 et l’homologation d’un carbone de la chaine latérale en C-6 ont permis l’obtention du cycle lactonique A. Le deuxième projet est une collaboration entre le groupe Hanessian et ISIS Pharmaceuticals afin de développer de nouveaux oligonucléosides antisens. Les nucléosides antisens [4.3.0]-bicycliques cis et trans ont été synthétisés avec succès à partir d’un monosaccharide naturel commun, L-arabinose, porteur des stéréocentres requis. Un réaction clé d’allylation de Sakurai a permis d’obtenir les diastéréoisomères cis et trans dans des conditions de contrôle de type Felkin-Ahn et de contrôle par chélation respectivement. Les composés bicycliques finaux cibles ont été obtenus par une réaction d’aldol intramoléculaire catalyzéé par la proline, par métathèse de fermeture de cycle et par l’application de la méthode de Vorbrüggen pour la synthèse de nucléosides. / An enantioselective synthesis of the antifungal natural product (+)-ambruticin S has been accomplished in our group. For the synthesis of a ring A lactone fragment, three approaches were developed. They all started from commercially available and inexpensive methyl α-D-glycopyranoside, which already possesses the required diol unit. A deletion of the hydroxyl group at C-4 and a one-carbon homologation of the C-6 side chain furnished the ring A lactone. The second project is an ongoing collaboration between the Hanessian group and ISIS pharmaceuticals to develop new antisense oligonucleosides. The cis- and trans-[4.3.0]bicyclic antisense nucleosides were successfully synthesized from a common natural monosaccharide, L-arabinose, which bears the required stereocenters. A key Sakurai allylation led to the cis- and trans diastereomers under Felkin-Ahn and chelation-controlled conditions respectively. The final bicyclic targets were achieved by a practical proline-catalyzed intramolecular aldol reaction and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) strategy, and application of the Vorbrüggen method for nucleoside synthesis.

La synthèse énantiosélective de la (+)-ambruticine S, un produit naturel antifongique a été effectuée au sein de notre groupe. Trois approches ont été développées pour la synthèse du fragment lactone (cycle A). Ces trois voies d’accès au cycle A ont pour intermédiaire commun le methyl α-D-glycopyranoside déjà porteur du diol requis et disponible commercialement à bon prix. Une désoxygénation de l’hydroxyle en C-4 et l’homologation d’un carbone de la chaine latérale en C-6 ont permis l’obtention du cycle lactonique A. Le deuxième projet est une collaboration entre le groupe Hanessian et ISIS Pharmaceuticals afin de développer de nouveaux oligonucléosides antisens. Les nucléosides antisens [4.3.0]-bicycliques cis et trans ont été synthétisés avec succès à partir d’un monosaccharide naturel commun, L-arabinose, porteur des stéréocentres requis. Un réaction clé d’allylation de Sakurai a permis d’obtenir les diastéréoisomères cis et trans dans des conditions de contrôle de type Felkin-Ahn et de contrôle par chélation respectivement. Les composés bicycliques finaux cibles ont été obtenus par une réaction d’aldol intramoléculaire catalyzéé par la proline, par métathèse de fermeture de cycle et par l’application de la méthode de Vorbrüggen pour la synthèse de nucléosides. / An enantioselective synthesis of the antifungal natural product (+)-ambruticin S has been accomplished in our group. For the synthesis of a ring A lactone fragment, three approaches were developed. They all started from commercially available and inexpensive methyl α-D-glycopyranoside, which already possesses the required diol unit. A deletion of the hydroxyl group at C-4 and a one-carbon homologation of the C-6 side chain furnished the ring A lactone. The second project is an ongoing collaboration between the Hanessian group and ISIS pharmaceuticals to develop new antisense oligonucleosides. The cis- and trans-[4.3.0]bicyclic antisense nucleosides were successfully synthesized from a common natural monosaccharide, L-arabinose, which bears the required stereocenters. A key Sakurai allylation led to the cis- and trans diastereomers under Felkin-Ahn and chelation-controlled conditions respectively. The final bicyclic targets were achieved by a practical proline-catalyzed intramolecular aldol reaction and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) strategy, and application of the Vorbrüggen method for nucleoside synthesis.