Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:52:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_fg_me_botfca.pdf: 799438 bytes, checksum: 4329df15811f46330119a3dded7950e2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo reconhecer as mudanças temporais significativas no uso do solo entre os anos de 1984 e 2008 no município de Barra Bonita/SP e analisar os conflitos de uso da terra em áreas de preservação permanente tendo como referência legal o Código florestal e a Resolução n. 303, do CONAMA. Utilizou-se o sistema de informações geográficas – SIG Idrisi Andes 5.0 onde foram processadas as imagens do satélite LANDSAT TM5. A área de estudo possui declividade menor que 20%. A rede de drenagem do município reduziu 9,8 km³ na comparação da carta do IBGE de 1974 com escala de 1:50000 e a imagem LANDSAT 5 do ano de 2008. Através da classificação supervisonada Maxver obteve-se os mapas de uso do solo que revelaram que em 1984 a área ocupada pela cultura da cana-de-açúcar era de aproximadamente 10.500 ha (70%) e em 2008, 10.900 ha. Na analise dos conflitos de uso do solo em áreas de preservação permanente evidenciou-se que nos 24 anos a cana-de-açúcar aumentou 3,6% sobre a APP. A ocupação adequada foi representada pela mata que ocupava por 279,25 ha (31,5% do total) no ano de 1984. No ano de 2008 verifica-se que a cultura da cana-de-açúcar representava o maior conflito na APP ocupando 357,9 ha da área e 11,4% corresponde ao solo em preparo. Neste ano, 59,5% do total da APP encontra-se em desacordo com a legislação ambiental. / This study aimed to recognize the significant temporal changes in land use between 1984 and 2008 in the Barra Bonita / SP and analyze the conflicts of land use in areas of permanent preservation with reference to the legal code forestry and Resolution N. 303 of CONAMA. We used geographic information system - GIS Idrisi Andes 5.0 where the images were processed LANDSAT TM5. The study area has slopes less than 20%. The drainable area in the city decreased 9.8 kilometers ³ comparison of the letter from the IBGE 1974 with scale 1:50000 and LANDSAT 5 in the year 2008. By Maxver supervised classification was obtained maps of land use which showed that in 1984 the area occupied by the culture of cane sugar was about 10,500 ha (70%) and in 2008, 10,900 ha. In the analysis of conflicts of land use in areas of permanent preservation showed that in 24 years the cane sugar increased 3.6% on the APP. The occupation was represented by adequate forest that occupied by 279.25 ha (31.5% of total) in 1984. In the year 2008 it appears that the cultivation of cane sugar was the biggest conflict in APP occupying 357.9 ha in area and 11.4% corresponds to the ground in preparation. This year, 59.5% of total APP is at odds with environmental legislation.

Orientador: Odivaldo José Seraphim / Banca: Zacarias Xavier de Barros / Banca: Renato Farias do Valle Junior / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo reconhecer as mudanças temporais significativas no uso do solo entre os anos de 1984 e 2008 no município de Barra Bonita/SP e analisar os conflitos de uso da terra em áreas de preservação permanente tendo como referência legal o Código florestal e a Resolução n. 303, do CONAMA. Utilizou-se o sistema de informações geográficas - SIG Idrisi Andes 5.0 onde foram processadas as imagens do satélite LANDSAT TM5. A área de estudo possui declividade menor que 20%. A rede de drenagem do município reduziu 9,8 km³ na comparação da carta do IBGE de 1974 com escala de 1:50000 e a imagem LANDSAT 5 do ano de 2008. Através da classificação supervisonada Maxver obteve-se os mapas de uso do solo que revelaram que em 1984 a área ocupada pela cultura da cana-de-açúcar era de aproximadamente 10.500 ha (70%) e em 2008, 10.900 ha. Na analise dos conflitos de uso do solo em áreas de preservação permanente evidenciou-se que nos 24 anos a cana-de-açúcar aumentou 3,6% sobre a APP. A ocupação adequada foi representada pela mata que ocupava por 279,25 ha (31,5% do total) no ano de 1984. No ano de 2008 verifica-se que a cultura da cana-de-açúcar representava o maior conflito na APP ocupando 357,9 ha da área e 11,4% corresponde ao solo em preparo. Neste ano, 59,5% do total da APP encontra-se em desacordo com a legislação ambiental. / Abstract : This study aimed to recognize the significant temporal changes in land use between 1984 and 2008 in the Barra Bonita / SP and analyze the conflicts of land use in areas of permanent preservation with reference to the legal code forestry and Resolution N. 303 of CONAMA. We used geographic information system - GIS Idrisi Andes 5.0 where the images were processed LANDSAT TM5. The study area has slopes less than 20%. The drainable area in the city decreased 9.8 kilometers ³ comparison of the letter from the IBGE 1974 with scale 1:50000 and LANDSAT 5 in the year 2008. By Maxver supervised classification was obtained maps of land use which showed that in 1984 the area occupied by the culture of cane sugar was about 10,500 ha (70%) and in 2008, 10,900 ha. In the analysis of conflicts of land use in areas of permanent preservation showed that in 24 years the cane sugar increased 3.6% on the APP. The occupation was represented by adequate forest that occupied by 279.25 ha (31.5% of total) in 1984. In the year 2008 it appears that the cultivation of cane sugar was the biggest conflict in APP occupying 357.9 ha in area and 11.4% corresponds to the ground in preparation. This year, 59.5% of total APP is at odds with environmental legislation. / Mestre

The capabilities of a number of remote-sensing techniques for biophysical mapping in the subarctic have been examined at Pen Island in northwestern Ontario. After a two week field reconnaissance, colour infrared aerial photography was studied and a detailed biophysical map of the area was produced. Using this knowledge LANDSAT satellite data of the site were investigated. In a visual analysis of the data, the majority of the units identified in the airphoto interpretation were detected, and these were distinguished primarily by their spectral characteristics. Digital analysis of the satellite data using the Bendix MAD system allowed many of the classes of the earlier studies to be delineated and also permitted the classification to be readily extended beyond the original site. In both LANDSAT analyses specific biophysical units could be mapped from the satellite data but could not be identified without the airphoto interpretation. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<div>The demand for customized farm management prescription is increasing in order to maximize crop yield and minimize environmental risks under a changing climate. One great challenge to modeling crop growth and production is spatial and temporal variability. The goal of this dissertation research is to use publicly available Landsat imagery, ground samples and historical yield data to establish methodologies to spatially quantify cover crop growth and in-season maize yield. First, an investigation was conducted into the feasibility of using satellite remote sensing and spatial interpolation with minimal ground samples to rapidly estimate season-specific cover crop biomass and N uptake in the small watershed of Lake Bloomington in Illinois. Results from this study demonstrated that remote sensing indices could capture the spatial pattern of cover crop growth as affected by various cover crop and cash crop management systems. Soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and triangular vegetation index (TVI) were strongly correlated with cover crop biomass and N uptake for low and moderate biomass and N uptake ranges (0-3000 kg ha-1 and 0-100 kg N ha-1). The SAVI estimated cover crop biomass and N uptake were +/- 15% of observed value. Compared to commonly used spatial interpolation methods such as ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW), using the SAVI method showed higher prediction R2 values than that of OK and IDW. An additional advantage for these remote sensing vegetation indices, especially in the context of diverse agronomic management practices, is their much lower labor requirements compared to the high density ground samples needed for a spatial interpolation analysis. </div><div>In the second study, a new approach using the multivariate spatial autoregressive (MSAR) model was developed at 10-m grid resolution to forecast maize yield using historical grain yield data collected at farmers’ fields in Central Indiana, publicly available Landsat imagery, top 30 cm soil organic matter and elevation, while accounting for yield spatial autocorrelation. Relative mean error (RME) and relative mean absolute error (RMAE) were used to quantify the model prediction accuracy at the field level and 10-m grid level, respectively. The MSAR model performed reasonably well (absolute RME < 15%) for field overall yield predictions in 32 out of 35 site-years on the calibration dataset with an average absolute RME of 6.6%. The average RMAE of the MSAR model predictions was 13.1%. It was found that the MSAR model could result in large estimation error under an extreme stressed environment such as the 2012 drought, especially when grain yield under these stressed conditions was not included in the model calibration step. In the validation dataset (n=82), the MSAR model showed good prediction accuracy overall (± 15% of actual yield in 56 site-years) in new fields when extreme stress was not present. The novel approach developed in this study demonstrated its ability to use elevation and soil information to interpret satellite observations accurately in a fine spatial scale. </div><div>Then we incorporated the MSAR approach into a process-based N transformation model to predict field-scale maize yield in Indiana. Our results showed that the linear agreement of predicted yield (using the N Model in the Mapwindow GIS + MMP Tools) to actual yield improved as the spatial aggregation scale became broader. The proposed MSAR model used early vegetative precipitation, top 30 cm soil organic matter and elevation to adjust the N Model yield prediction in 10-m grids. The MSAR adjusted yield predictions resulted in more cases (77%) that fell within 15% of actual yield compared to the N Model alone using the calibration dataset (n=35). However, if the 2012 data was not included in the MSAR parameter training step, the MSAR adjusted yield predictions for 2012 were not improved from the N Model prediction (average RME of 24.1%). When extrapolating the MSAR parameters developed from 7 fields to a dataset containing 82 site-years on 30 different fields in the same region, the improvement from the MSAR adjustment was not significant. The lack of improvement from the MSAR adjustment could be because the relationship used in the MSAR model was location specific. Additionally, the uncertainty of precipitation data could also affect the relationship. </div><div>Through the sequence of these studies, the potential utility of big data routinely collected at farmers’ fields and publicly available satellite imagery has been greatly improved for field-specific management tools and on-farm decision-making. </div>

In recent decades, changes in land use and land cover (LULC) arising from socio-economic development, coupled with climate change, have severely undermined and compromised the environmental sustainability of the upper part of Dong Nai (UPDN) river basin. Assessing the long-term impacts of climate change and changes in LULC on hydrological conditions and water balance in the UPDN river basin is essential for sustainable watershed management. In the present study, Landsat images and SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model were used to assess water balance changes due to changes of climate and LULC at three different intervals: 1994, 2004, and 2014. The results of Landsat images classification indicated that forest land was the main LULC type in the basin. In 1994 the forest cover was 706,803 ha (72.68% of the total landmass). In 2004 the forest area dropped to 520,359 ha (53.51%). In 2014 the forest area dropped further to 485,908 ha (49.97%). The change in LULC has caused changes in the annual and peak water flows. The analysis of the results revealed that the effect of historical climate variations on water yield was greater than the LULC change. With the scenario of LULC 2014, the consumption of irrigation water was the highest and mainly in the dry season. The findings can provide useful information for decision-makers in planning and formulating policies for sustainable watershed management and climate change adaptation. / Trong những thập niên gần đây, sự thay đổi về sử dụng đất và thực phủ (LULC) do những hoạt động phát triển kinh tế - xã hội cùng với biến đổi khí hậu đã đặt ra những thách thức cho sự bền vững về môi trường ở lưu vực thượng nguồn sông Đồng Nai (UPDN). Đánh giá các tác động lâu dài của biến đổi khí hậu và những thay đổi trong LULC đến điều kiện thủy văn và cân bằng nước là việc cần thiết cho quản lý bền vững nguồn nước. Trong nghiên cứu này, các ảnh vệ tinh Landsat, công cụ đánh giá đất và nước (SWAT) được sử dụng để đánh giá sự thay đổi cân bằng nước do sự thay đổi khí hậu và LULC tại ba thời điểm khác nhau 1994, 2004 và 2014. Kết quả phân loại các ảnh Landsat cho thấy rừng là loại thực phủ chính trong lưu vực. Diện tích rừng của năm 1994 là 706.803 ha (72,68%). Diện tích rừng của năm 2004 đã giảm xuống còn 520.359 ha (53,1%) và đến năm 2014 chỉ còn 485.908ha (49,97%). Thay đổi sử dụng đất và thực phủ đã làm thay đổi chế độ thủy văn và dòng chảy đỉnh. Phân tích kết quả đã xác định rằng những sự thay đổi về điều kiện khí hậu trong quá khứ có ảnh hưởng đến lượng nước lớn hơn so với thay đổi về thực phủ. Với kịch bản LULC năm 2014, nhu cầu sử dụng nước tưới cho cây trồng là lớn nhất và chủ yếu trong mùa khô. Những kết quả đạt được trong nghiên cứu này sẽ cung cấp thông tin hữu ích cho các nhà hoạch định trong lập kế hoạch và ban hành chính sách cho quản lý lưu vực bền vững, thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu.