Yes / Coprecipitation method was used to prepare non-stoichiometric pristine copper and iron layered double hydroxide (LDH) doped with zirconium and embedded with reduced graphene oxide. The composite materials (ZrRGOCuFe LDHs) were studied for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye as a model contaminant from an aqueous solution. These composites were fully characterized by X-rays diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The results of Raman, Photoluminescence and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy revealed the presence of oxygen defects level in the composites. Such defects are believed to be essential for boosting the catalytic potential of the composites. The secondary pollution manifested by transition metal ions is usually tackled by inducing heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, pristine CuFe LDH has been doped with Zr and RGO moieties to realize heterogeneous catalysis within ZrRGOCuFe LDH dopants. An admirable band ranging between 1.74 and 2.0 eV was obtained for the doped materials. The remarkable photodegradation efficiency of 95.2% was achieved by using heterogeneous photocatlyst Zr0.6RGOCuFe LDH within 75 min at a pH of 7, photocatalyst dosage of 1.0 g/L and methylene blue dye solution of 10 ppm under visible light irradiation. The total organic content (TOC) analysis has revealed removal of 92% organic content. Moreover, the catalyst has the potentia to maitain sufficient stability and reusability capacity even after three successive cycles. The reaction kinetics and proposed photocatalytic mechanism were also explained in detail.

MgAl layered double hydroxides nanoparticles (LDHs) are known as the useful materials in agrochemsitry. LDHs can be used as a bio-insecticide carrier to enhance insecticide’s activity efficiency. In our study, to improve the insecticide activity of anacardic acid, an extract from cashew nut shell liquid, we intercalated it MgAl layered double hydroxides nanoparticles. Different hybridization between anacardic acid and LDHs (37, 74, 148, and 296μg/mL) (L-As) were made and tested on the survivals of cutworms (Spodoptera litura). L-As or free anacardic acid was sprayed directly on the leaves mustard to feed cutworms or directly on the skin of cutworms. Our results showed that in all L-As treatments, the worm killing efficiency was higher than the free anacardic acid treatment. / Hạt nano lớp đôi hydroxides MgAl (LDHs) được biết đến như là những vật liệu hữu ích trong nông ngành hóa học nông nghiệp. LDHs có thể được dùng như là một loại chất mang cho thuốc trừ sâu sinh học để tăng cường hiệu lực diệt sâu. Trong nghiên cứu này, để tăng cường hiệu lực diệt sâu của anacardic acid, một loại hoạt chất được chiết từ dầu vỏ hạt điều, chúng tôi đã gắn chèn nó lên hạt nano lớp đôi hydroxides MgAl. Các nồng độ khác nhau của dạng lai của anacardic và LDHs (37, 74, 148 và 296μg/mL) (L-As) đã được kiểm tra tỷ lệ sống của ấu trùng sâu khoang (Spodoptera litura). Các nghiệm thức L-As và dạng anacardic acid tự do đã được phun lên lá rau cải ngọt cho ấu trùng sâu ăn hoặc phun trực tiếp lên da ấu trùng sâu. Kết quả cho thấy, tất cả các công thức có xử lý bằng L-As, hiệu lực diệt ấu trùng sâu đều cao hơn so với dạng anacardic acid ở trạng thái tự do.

MgAl layered double hydroxides nanoparticles (LDHs) are known as the useful materials in agrochemsitry. LDHs can be used as a bio-insecticide carrier to enhance insecticide’s activity efficiency. In our study, to improve the insecticide activity of anacardic acid, an extract from cashew nut shell liquid, we intercalated it MgAl layered double hydroxides nanoparticles. Different hybridization between anacardic acid and LDHs (37, 74, 148, and 296μg/mL) (L-As) were made and tested on the survivals of cutworms (Spodoptera litura). L-As or free anacardic acid was sprayed directly on the leaves mustard to feed cutworms or directly on the skin of cutworms. Our results showed that in all L-As treatments, the worm killing efficiency was higher than the free anacardic acid treatment. / Hạt nano lớp đôi hydroxides MgAl (LDHs) được biết đến như là những vật liệu hữu ích trong nông ngành hóa học nông nghiệp. LDHs có thể được dùng như là một loại chất mang cho thuốc trừ sâu sinh học để tăng cường hiệu lực diệt sâu. Trong nghiên cứu này, để tăng cường hiệu lực diệt sâu của anacardic acid, một loại hoạt chất được chiết từ dầu vỏ hạt điều, chúng tôi đã gắn chèn nó lên hạt nano lớp đôi hydroxides MgAl. Các nồng độ khác nhau của dạng lai của anacardic và LDHs (37, 74, 148 và 296μg/mL) (L-As) đã được kiểm tra tỷ lệ sống của ấu trùng sâu khoang (Spodoptera litura). Các nghiệm thức L-As và dạng anacardic acid tự do đã được phun lên lá rau cải ngọt cho ấu trùng sâu ăn hoặc phun trực tiếp lên da ấu trùng sâu. Kết quả cho thấy, tất cả các công thức có xử lý bằng L-As, hiệu lực diệt ấu trùng sâu đều cao hơn so với dạng anacardic acid ở trạng thái tự do.

A utilização de combustíveis fósseis é um problema a ser contornado visto que sua utilização gera problemas ambientais tais como o aumento do efeito estufa. Como combustível alternativo, ganha destaque o hidrogênio, o qual pode ser utilizado em células à combustível, gerando energia e apenas água como sub-produto. Uma forma de produção de hidrogênio é a partir da reforma a vapor do bio-óleo, proveniente da pirólise da biomassa. Devido à complexidade do bio-óleo, compostos modelo, como o ácido acético e acetol, vêm sendo estudados nos sistemas reacionais. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a reação de reforma a vapor do acetol para obtenção de H2 utilizando-se catalisadores baseados em Ni0 e Co0 derivados de hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDLs), também chamados de compostos do tipo hidrotalcita. Os HDLs foram sintetizados pelo método de coprecipitação. Análise de difração de raios X (DRX) mostraram a formação dos HDLs e os diferentes teores de Al3+ nas lamelas foram observados através da técnica de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. Espectroscopia por energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX) indicou que os catalisadores derivados de HDLs calcinados a 750°C possuem quantidades reais de metais ativos próximas aos valores nominais e que possuem diferentes teores de Mg2+. As análises de TPR-H2 mostraram a redução das fases óxidas presentes em altas temperaturas, devido a formação de solução sólida MgNiO2, MgCoO2 e fases espinélios. Nos ensaios catalíticos, catalisadores baseados em Ni0 se mostraram mais seletivos para H2 enquanto que os baseados em Co0 foram mais seletivos para o eteno e compostos líquidos. Ainda, observou-se a tendência de maior seletividade para H2 quanto maior o teor de Mg2+ no catalisador. Para os catalisadores derivados de HDL´s calcinados a 600°C, as caracterizações mostraram resultados semelhantes aos calcinados a 750°C, evidenciando a facilidade de formação das soluções sólida para estes compostos do tipo HDL´s. Para estas amostras também ficou evidenciado que maiores teores de Mg2+ nos catalisadores facilitam a conversão em H2 na reforma a vapor do acetol, o que pode estar associado a propriedade basicidade, que foi quantificada através de termo-dessorção programada de CO2 (TPD-CO2). / The use of fossil fuels is a problem to be circumvented, since its use generates environmental problems such as the increase of the greenhouse effect. As an alternative fuel, hydrogen is highlighted, which can be used in fuel cells, generating energy without the emission of polluting gases. One form of hydrogen production is from the steam reforming of the bio-oil, from the pyrolysis of the biomass. Due to the complexity of the bio-oil, model compounds, present in greater quantity, such as acetic acid and acetol have been studied individually. In this work, the reaction of steam reforming of the acetol to obtain H2 was carried out using catalysts based on Ni0 and Co0 derived from lamellar double hydroxides (HDLs), also called hydrotalcite like compounds. HDLs were synthesized by the coprecipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the formation of HDLs and different Al3+ contents in the lamellae, as well as the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS) has indicated that the catalysts derived from HDLs calcined at 750°C have real amounts of active metals close to the nominal values and that have different levels of Mg2 + and Al3+. The TPR-H2 analysis showed that the reduction of Ni2+ and Co2+ occurs at high temperatures due to the formation of solid solutions MgNiO2, MgCoO2, and spinel phases. In the catalytic tests, Ni2+ based catalysts were more selective for H2, while Co0 based catalysts were more selective for liquid compounds such as acetone. Also, the tendency of greater selectivity for H2 was observed when the Mg2+ content in the catalyst was higher. For the catalysts derived from HDL\'s calcined at 600°C, the characterizations showed results similar to those calcined at 750°C, evidencing the difficult reducibility of oxides derived from HDL\'s. For these catalysts, it was also observed that higher Mg2+ contents facilitate the conversion to H2 in the steam reforming of the acetol, which may be associated with the basicity of the material, which was quantified by means of programmed thermodesorption of CO2 (TPD-CO2).

A utilização de combustíveis fósseis é um problema a ser contornado visto que sua utilização gera problemas ambientais tais como o aumento do efeito estufa. Como combustível alternativo, ganha destaque o hidrogênio, o qual pode ser utilizado em células à combustível, gerando energia e apenas água como sub-produto. Uma forma de produção de hidrogênio é a partir da reforma a vapor do bio-óleo, proveniente da pirólise da biomassa. Devido à complexidade do bio-óleo, compostos modelo, como o ácido acético e acetol, vêm sendo estudados nos sistemas reacionais. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a reação de reforma a vapor do acetol para obtenção de H2 utilizando-se catalisadores baseados em Ni0 e Co0 derivados de hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDLs), também chamados de compostos do tipo hidrotalcita. Os HDLs foram sintetizados pelo método de coprecipitação. Análise de difração de raios X (DRX) mostraram a formação dos HDLs e os diferentes teores de Al3+ nas lamelas foram observados através da técnica de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. Espectroscopia por energia dispersiva de raios X (EDX) indicou que os catalisadores derivados de HDLs calcinados a 750°C possuem quantidades reais de metais ativos próximas aos valores nominais e que possuem diferentes teores de Mg2+. As análises de TPR-H2 mostraram a redução das fases óxidas presentes em altas temperaturas, devido a formação de solução sólida MgNiO2, MgCoO2 e fases espinélios. Nos ensaios catalíticos, catalisadores baseados em Ni0 se mostraram mais seletivos para H2 enquanto que os baseados em Co0 foram mais seletivos para o eteno e compostos líquidos. Ainda, observou-se a tendência de maior seletividade para H2 quanto maior o teor de Mg2+ no catalisador. Para os catalisadores derivados de HDL´s calcinados a 600°C, as caracterizações mostraram resultados semelhantes aos calcinados a 750°C, evidenciando a facilidade de formação das soluções sólida para estes compostos do tipo HDL´s. Para estas amostras também ficou evidenciado que maiores teores de Mg2+ nos catalisadores facilitam a conversão em H2 na reforma a vapor do acetol, o que pode estar associado a propriedade basicidade, que foi quantificada através de termo-dessorção programada de CO2 (TPD-CO2). / The use of fossil fuels is a problem to be circumvented, since its use generates environmental problems such as the increase of the greenhouse effect. As an alternative fuel, hydrogen is highlighted, which can be used in fuel cells, generating energy without the emission of polluting gases. One form of hydrogen production is from the steam reforming of the bio-oil, from the pyrolysis of the biomass. Due to the complexity of the bio-oil, model compounds, present in greater quantity, such as acetic acid and acetol have been studied individually. In this work, the reaction of steam reforming of the acetol to obtain H2 was carried out using catalysts based on Ni0 and Co0 derived from lamellar double hydroxides (HDLs), also called hydrotalcite like compounds. HDLs were synthesized by the coprecipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the formation of HDLs and different Al3+ contents in the lamellae, as well as the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS) has indicated that the catalysts derived from HDLs calcined at 750°C have real amounts of active metals close to the nominal values and that have different levels of Mg2 + and Al3+. The TPR-H2 analysis showed that the reduction of Ni2+ and Co2+ occurs at high temperatures due to the formation of solid solutions MgNiO2, MgCoO2, and spinel phases. In the catalytic tests, Ni2+ based catalysts were more selective for H2, while Co0 based catalysts were more selective for liquid compounds such as acetone. Also, the tendency of greater selectivity for H2 was observed when the Mg2+ content in the catalyst was higher. For the catalysts derived from HDL\'s calcined at 600°C, the characterizations showed results similar to those calcined at 750°C, evidencing the difficult reducibility of oxides derived from HDL\'s. For these catalysts, it was also observed that higher Mg2+ contents facilitate the conversion to H2 in the steam reforming of the acetol, which may be associated with the basicity of the material, which was quantified by means of programmed thermodesorption of CO2 (TPD-CO2).

The reversible and topotactic insertion of guest species within layered host lattices, known as intercalation is a widely studied phenomena. The Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) or Anionic Alloys are important class of layered solids with its own distinct ion-exchange host-Guest Chemistry. The LDH structure may be derived from that of Brucite, Mg(OH)2, by random isomorphous substitution of Mg2+ ions by trivalent cations like Al3+, Ga3+ etc. This substitution leaves an excess positive charge on the layers, which is compensated by interlamellar anions. These ions are exchangeable and thus new functionalities can be introduced to ion exchange reactions. Insertion of neutral, non-polar or poorly water-soluble guest molecules remains a challenge. In the present study, two methodologies were adopted to extend the host-guest chemistry of LDHs to neutral and non-polar species, first by using Hydrophobic interaction and second, charge transfer (CT) interaction as driving force. Hlydrophobic interaction as driving force involves functionalization of the Mg-Al-LDH galleries as bilayers, thus covering the essentially hydrophilic interlamellar space of the LDH to one that is hydrophobic and able to solubilize neutral molecules like Anthracene. CT interaction as driving force, involves pre-functionalization of the galleries of the LDH with a donor species e.g. 4-aminobenzoic acid by conventional ion exchange methods to form a LDH-donor intercalated compound. This compound can selectively adsorb acceptor species like Chloranil, Tetracyanoquinodimethane etc. into the interlamellar space of the solid by forming donor-acceptor complexes. The confined donor-acceptor complexes have been characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, UV-Visible, Fourier Transformed Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy, Molecular Dynamics Simulations were able to reproduce the experimental results. One dimensional gold nanostructure like nanorods (AuNRs) have received great attention due to their size dependent optical properties, Extending these applications requires assembling the AuNRs into one-, two- and if possible three-dimensional architectures. Several approaches have been developed to assemble AuNRs in two-orientation modes namely end-to-end and side-to-side. The present study self-assembly of the AuNRs has been achieved by anchoring β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) cavities to the nanorods surface. The host-guest chemistry of β-CD has been exploited to assemble the AuNRs. Our strategy was to use a guest molecule that is capable to link β-CD into 1:2 host-guest fashions to link up two β-CD capped nanorods. The guest molecule chosen for the present study was 1,10-phenanthroline. Linkage between the ends of rods leading to V-shaped rods dimmer assembly and side-to-side assembly was achieved by varying the extent of cyclodextrin capping of the AuNRs followed by the addition of linker, 1,10-phenanthroline. The formation of the assembly was characterized using UV-Visible-Near-IR Spectoscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy.

<p>Ispitivani su dvostruki slojeviti hidroksidi, LDH i me&scaron;oviti oksidi nastali njihovom<br />razgradnjom, sa različitim sadržajem Mg-Al-Fe i pro&scaron;irenom supstitucijom aluminijuma.<br />Koprecipitacione metode male i velike prezasićenosti odabrane su za sintezu LDH op&scaron;te<br />formule [Mg1_-xM(III)_x(OH)₂](CO₃)_x/2 &sdot; mH₂O, gde M(III) pretstavlja Al i/ili Fe, a x udeo<br />trovalentnih anjona, x = M(III) / [M(II) + M(III)], variran u intervalu 0,15 &lt; x &lt; 0,7.<br />Katalizatori na bazi me&scaron;ovitih oksida sa gvožđem pogodni za upotrebu u redoks<br />reakcijama, formirani su nakon termičke aktivacije - razlaganja LDH. Izvr&scaron;ena je<br />karakterizacija me&scaron;ovitih oksida nastalih iz LDH, kao i netretiranih LDH, ispitivanjem<br />kristalne strukture (XRD), termičke stabilnosti (TG-DTA), teksture (adsorpcija N₂), redoks<br />(H₂ TPR) i kiselo-baznih karakteristika (NH₃ TPD), a utvrđena je i priroda prisutnih vrsta<br />gvožđa (Moessbauer spektroskopija). Pokazano je kako metoda pripreme i obim<br />supstitucije M(III) jona utiču na strukturne, povr&scaron;inske i redoks karakteristike LDH i<br />njihovih me&scaron;ovitih oksida u korelaciji sa katalitičkim svojstvima u odabranim test<br />reakcijama (razgradnja N₂O i redukcija sa NH₃). Utvrđeno je da na katalitičku aktivnost<br />dominantno utiču redoks karakteristike i priroda vrste gvožđa u me&scaron;ovitom oksidu, ali<br />takođe i strukturne karakteristike polaznog LDH, pri čemu je povr&scaron;inska struktura aktivnih<br />centara intervalentnog Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺gvožđa ključna za redoks procese ispitivanih reakcija.<br />Kod svih me&scaron;ovitih oksida dobijenih iz LDH aktivni centri imaju relativno jednake jačine,<br />dok razlike u katalitičkom pona&scaron;anju potiču od razlika u dostupnosti aktivnih centara.<br />Najbolje performanse u katalitičkim reakcijama pokazali su uzorci sa najmanjom<br />stabilno&scaron;ću inicijalnih LDH kod kojih je količina supstituisanih M(III) jona bila blizu<br />granice za inkorporaciju u LDH matricu (x = 0,5), a naročito uzorak sintetisan metodom<br />velike prezasićenosti sa malom količinom dodatne Al(OH)₃ faze.</p> / <p>Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and derived mixed oxides with different Mg-Al-Fe content and extended aluminum substitution were investigated. High and low supersaturation precipitation methods were used for the synthesis of LDHs with general formula [Mg1_-x M(III)_x (OH)₂](CO₃)_x/2 &sdot; mH₂O where M(III) presents Al and/or Fe and x the content of trivalent ions, x = M(III) / [M(II) + M(III)], varied between 0.15 &lt; x &lt; 0.7. Iron-containing mixed oxides, suitable as catalysts for redox reactions, were formed after thermal activation - decomposition of LDH. Both, LDHs and derived mixed oxides were characterized with respect to crystalline structure (XRD), thermal stability (TG-DTA), textural (N₂ adsorption), redox (H₂ TPR) and acid-base properties (NH₃ TPD) as well as the nature of the iron species (Moessbauer spectroscopy). It was demonstrated how preparation method and the extent of M(III) substitution influence the structure, surface and redox properties of LDHs and derived mixed oxides in correlation to catalytic properties in chosen test reactions (N₂O decomposition and reduction with NH3). The catalytic behavior is mainly determined by the redox properties and the nature of the iron species in mixed oxides, but also by the structural properties of initial LDHs. It was confirmed that surface structure of intervalent Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺ iron active sites is crucial for the redox processes in chosen reactions. The strength of active sites is similar for all mixed oxides derived from LDH, but the differences in catalytic behavior arise from the differences in active sites accessibility. The best catalytic results were obtained when the stability of the initial LDH matrix was lowest e.g. when the amount of substituted M(III) was near the limit for the incorporation into LDH matrix (x = 0.5), especially for the sample synthesized with high superasaturation method containing a small amount of additional Al(OH)₃ phase.</p>