The aim of this thesis was to quantify and asset the degree of fiscal decentralization and its development in the Czech Republic. We managed to quantify the measure of fiscal decentralization and its development in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2006 through indicators of tax decentralization, expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization, financial and tax autonomy. The figures for ČR were compared with other countries.

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O sucesso da produção animal consiste em menores custos dos fatores de produção. A busca por fontes alternativas na alimentação de frangos de corte, que reduzam custos e mantenham a produtividade, é uma estratégia importante em períodos de crise do setor. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de grãos de sorgo secos por destilação com solúveis em dietas para frangos de corte sobre as características zootécnicas de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e cortes), digestibilidade aparente, coloração da carne e viabilidade econômica da utilização do ingrediente. Foram realizados dois ensaios experimentais. No primeiro ensaio, 864 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb, foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos, com 12 repetições de 12 aves cada, criados de 1 a 41 dias de idade para avaliação do desempenho. Aos 42 dias de idade, as aves foram abatidas e submetidas a avaliações da carcaça. No segundo ensaio experimental, 336 pintainhos foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos, com oito repetições de sete aves cada. Foi realizada a coleta de total de excretas de 16 a 19 dias de idade das aves e verificados os parâmetros de digestibilidade aparente. Os tratamentos experimentais atenderam as exigências de Rostagno et al. (2011), sendo isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em ambos ensaios experimentais, sendo 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% de inclusão de DDGS de sorgo nas dietas. As aves apresentaram menores ganhos de peso médio (p<0,0001) com inclusões de 20 e 25% de DDGS, respectivamente, em relação aos demais tratamentos, nas dietas pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e durante o período total de criação (1 a 41 dias). O consumo médio de ração também foi menor (p<0,0001) pelas aves com o fornecimento do nível máximo (25% de DDGS de sorgo) nas fases inicial, crescimento e durante todo o período de criação. A conversão alimentar também foi pior (p<0,0001) nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e de 1 a 41 dias nas aves que consumiram dietas com 25% de DDGS de sorgo. Inclusões de 20 ou 25% de DDGS de sorgo nas dietas resultaram em menor (p<0,0001) rendimento de carcaça e rendimento de peito. As digestibilidades aparentes da matéria seca, do extrato etéreo e da energia não diferiram entre o fornecimento de dieta convencional ou com 5% de inclusão de DDGS de sorgo na dieta (p<0,0001). A digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta e do fósforo não diferiram (p<0,0001) com o fornecimento de dieta convencional ou com até 10% de inclusão do DDGS de sorgo. A luminosidade foi menor (p<0,0001) com inclusão de 20 ou 25% de DDGS nas dietas em relação aos demais tratamentos. Já a intensidade da cor vermelha foi maior (p=0,0009) com o maior nível de inclusão de DDGS de sorgo. A margem bruta foi menor (p<0,0001) no período total de criação com inclusão de 20 e 25% de DDGS de sorgo nas dietas, respectivamente, em relação aos demais tratamentos. É viável a inclusão de até 15% de DDGS de sorgo em dietas para frangos de corte machos. / The success of animal production is based in its lower costs of production factors. The search for alternative sources in broilers diet wich reduce costs and maintain productivity, is an important strategy in times of industry recession. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles in broilers diets on the zootechnical performance features (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, yield carcass and cuts), apparent digestibility, meat color and economic viability of the ingredient usage. Two experimental trials were performed. In the first trial, 864 Cobb male broilers, were distributed into six treatments, with 12 replicates of 12 birds each, raised from 1 to 41 days of age for performance evaluation. At 42 days of age, birds were slaughtered and submitted to carcass evaluations. In the second experimental trial, 336 chicks were distributed into six treatments with eight repetitions of seven chicks each. Total excreta was collected for 16-19 day old birds and checked the parameters of apparent digestibility. Experimental treatments met the requirements of Rostagno et al. (2011) and there were isoprotein and isoenergetic feed intakes. A completely randomized design was used in both experimental essays, with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% inclusion of sorghum DDGS in diets. The birds gained less average weight (p<0.0001) with inclusions of 20 and 25% sorghum DDGS in diets, respectively, compared to other treatments, in pre-starter, starter, grower and also during the total period of growing (1-41 days). Average feed intake was also lower (p<0.0001) for the supply of birds maximum level (25% sorghum DDGS) at initial, growth and throughout the rearing period. The feed conversion ratio was also worse (p<0.0001) in the pre-starter, starter phases and 1-41 days on the birds fed with 25% sorghum DDGS in diets. Inclusions of 20 or 25% sorghum DDGS in diets resulted in lower (p<0.0001) carcass yield and breast meat yield. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and energy did not differ between the supply of conventional diet or 5% inclusion of sorghum DDGS in the diet (p<0.0001). Apparent digestibility of crude protein and phosphorus did not differ (p<0.0001) with providing conventional diet or with up to 10% inclusion of sorghum DDGS. The brightness was lower (p<0.0001) with the inclusion of 20 or 25% DDGS in the diets compared to other treatments. Already the red color intensity was higher (p=0.0009) with the highest level of inclusion of sorghum DDGS. Gross margin was lower (p<0.0001) in the total period including 20 and 25% sorghum DDGS in diets, respectively, compared to other treatments. It is recommended to include up to 15% sorghum DDGS in broilers diets.

M.Ed. (Educational Psychology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. (Psychology) / Despite well over two millennia of philosophical speculation and just under a century of objective, standardized measurement, students of intelligence are far from unanimous in their agreement on a formal definition of the concept. Biological, psychological and operational definitions have each been advanced' and criticized in their turn. The majority of definitions, particularly of the psychological variety, have been variously rejected as circular, question begging, over-inclusive or value-laden. Such definitions have included the capacity for learning; the capacity to act purposefully, think rationally and deal effectively with one's environment; the ability to perceive or educe relations; and the ability for abstract thinking, to mention but a few...

This study investigated the effect of nutritional energy levels on meat quality characteristics, through effects on the fatty acid profiles of the subcutaneous fat in sheep. Two rations containing 11. 76MJ ME/kg DM and 10 .18MJ ME/kg DM were fed to Dorper and SA Mutton Merino wethers from respectively 20.51 ± 2.51kg and 22.30 ± 3.99kg to 25, 31, 37 and 43kg live mass. M.longissimus lumborum samples were removed and a trained taste panel evaluated sensory parameters on a lOcm unstructured scale. Subcutaneous fat samples and plasma samples were collected, and various carcass measurements were taken. It was found that high energy nutrition significantly increased the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, with subsequent effects on the fat quality and sensory properties of lamb. Both the aroma and incipient juiciness of taste samples from wethers on the high energy treatment were noticeably improved, while the increased amount of fat, coupled with its poor consistency significantly impaired the overall acceptability of taste samples. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 1992. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / Unrestricted

Magister Educationis - MEd / The primary purpose of this study was to understand how certain factors could contribute to the low achievement levels of Grade 12 learners from two selected rural schools. For the purpose of this research these two schools were referred to as schools A and B. The academic performance of Grade 12 learners from schools A and B has been very low since 2008-2010. On average, these two senior secondary schools produced less than 5% of their learners who qualified for entrance to the University of Namibia (Ministry of Education, 2003-2010).

The goal of the study was to investigate the impact of stress on productivity of employees at the Education Training and Development Practices: Sector Education and Training Authority (ETDP SETA). According to Dean (2002:38), stress-related illnesses have been a leading cause for low productivity levels in the workplace. Immense pressure at work has led to stress, which makes it the number one factor that has lead to illness. For this study applied research was utilised, as its main goal was directed towards shedding light in as far as the impact of stress on productivity in the organisation was concerned. Thus the study helped to elucidate descriptive information on the impact of stress on employees at the ETDP SETA, and gave specific details about the phenomena in question. Research was conducted within the framework of a survey. No sampling was done, as the total population was very small. The respondents in this study were the 51 employees at the ETDP SETA who were employed during the commencement of the study. Questionnaires were designed and distributed by delegates, of the Head of Division Human Resources to all the sections at the ETDP SETA. From the results obtained it was evident that there were many stress factors that the employees at the ETDP SETA endured, and the enquiry proved that the impact of stress affected productivity negatively. The fact that the majority of the employees thought that the organisation did not care about them was a reflection of huge dissatisfaction that undoubtedly lowered productivity. / Dissertation (MA (Social Work Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

We envisage a fine-grained access control solution that allows a user's access privilege to be linked to the confidence level (hereafter referred to as the assurance level) in identifying the user. Such a solution would be particularly attractive to a large-scale distributed resource sharing environment, where resources are likely to be more diversified and may have varying levels of sensitivity and resource providers may wish to adjust security protection levels to adapt to resource sensitivity levels or risk levels in the underlying environment. However, existing electronic authentication systems largely identify users through the verification of their electronic identity (ID) credentials. They take into account neither assurance levels of the credentials, nor any other factors that may affect the assurance level of an authentication process, and this binary approach to access control may not provide cost-effective protection to resources with varying sensitivity levels. To realise the vision of assurance level linked access control, there is a need for an authentication framework that is able to capture the confidence level in identifying a user, expressed as an authentication Level of Assurance (LoA), and link this LoA value to authorisation decision-making. This research investigates the feasibility of estimating a user's LoA at run-time by designing, prototyping and evaluating an authentication model that derives an LoA value based upon not only users' ID credentials, but also other factors such as access location, system environment and authentication protocol used. To this aim, the thesis has identified and analysed authentication attributes, processes and procedures that may influence the assurance level of an authentication environment. It has examined various use-case scenarios of authentication in Grid environments (a well-known distributed system) and investigated the relationships among the attributes in these scenarios. It has then proposed an authentication model, namely a generic e-authentication LoA derivation model (GEA-LoADM). The GEA-LoADM takes into account multiple authentication attributes along with their relationships, abstracts the composite effect by the multiple attributes into a generic value called the authentication LoA, and provides algorithms for the run-time derivation of LoA values. The algorithms are tailored to reflect the relationships among the attributes involved in an authentication instance. The model has a number of valuable properties, including flexibility and extensibility; it can be applied to different application contexts and supports easy addition of new attributes and removal of obsolete ones. The prototypes of the algorithms and the model have been developed. The performance and security properties of the LoA derivation algorithms and the model are analysed here and evaluated based on the prototypes. The performance costs of the GEA-LoADM are also investigated and compared against conventional authentication mechanisms, and the security of the model is tested against various attack scenarios. A case study has also been conducted using a live system, the Multi-Agency Information Sharing (MAIS) system.