This dissertation presents a study of the urban form of the Old Town of Ghat, the historical sultanate of the Azjer Tuareg. An analysis of the public and private spaces of this collective artifact is presented in order to comprehend and document the relationship between this Saharan town's architecture and Ghatian society. This study illustrates how Ghat's vernacular architecture represents a range of culturally distinct meanings and values and how this architecture reflects Ghatian life. In order to analyze the built environment of Ghat and the pattern of use of public and private spaces, this dissertation investigates Azjer Tuareg culture and documents the various existing nomadic and semi-nomadic Azjer Tuareg housing typologies in Libya. It investigates not only the contribution of the socio-cultural practices of this culture to the way spaces were configured, organized, and used, but also the Ghatian peoples' daily and seasonal life routines as well as their various social and economic activities. / This dissertation explores Ghat's spaces at three levels of its urban environment: the home (domestic), the neighbourhood (communal), and the town (public). It focuses on the relationship between the social aspects of Ghatian culture and the formation and use of the town's spaces. It also investigates the affect of trans-Saharan trade and the colonization and ruling history of Old Ghat on its formation and/or growth and the creation of public and private spatial domains in an attempt to understand the embedded meanings of Ghat's built environment. This study also investigates the role of climate in the formation of Old Ghat and the ingenious architecture and structure of its dwellings. This architecture reflects local construction techniques and limited local resources, consequently imparting distinct meaning to the built form of Ghat.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitude of Libyan professional librarians towards their profession. The study also seeks to compare attitudes of Libyan professional librarians from culturally diverse rural and urban communities toward librarianship as a profession. The diversity here refers to the distinctive characteristics of the two communities, which include social life style, values, hierarchies of values and attitude. It is also the purpose of this research to compare the attitudes of Libyan male and female professional librarians towards their profession. Another purpose of this study is to investigate if working in different types of libraries such as academic, public and special will have a different effect on Libyan professional librarians' attitudes towards their profession. / The population of this study consisted of all Libyan librarians who at the time were employed in academic and special libraries, and all Libyan librarians who at the time were employed in public libraries that are located in the Tripolitanian area. / Thornton's scale to measure librarians' attitudes towards librarianship was selected to be used in this study. In order to determine whether the instrument (scale) items possess the desired qualities of measurement and discriminability when used in different settings (Libyan libraries) and with different subjects, (Libyan librarians) and in order to revise and debug the scale by diagnosing and correcting failings, if any, the following steps were taken: (1) Refinement of the instrument (interviewing subjects). (2) Validation of the instrument, (construct validity). (3) Reliability of the instrument. (Split half). (4) Translating the instrument into Arabic. (5) Pilot study. / A computer utilizing (SPSS) Statistical Package for Social Science was used for analyses and comparison. / The study's major findings indicated that: (1) Libyan librarians working in libraries located in urban communities have a significantly higher positive attitude towards their profession than those who work in libraries located in rural communities. (2) Libyan rural librarians' gender has no significant effect on librarians' attitude towards their profession. (3) Libyan female librarians working in libraries located in urban communities have a significantly higher positive attitude towards their profession than Libyan male librarians working in libraries located in urban communities. (4) Libyan male librarians working in libraries located in urban communities have a significantly higher positive attitude towards their profession than Libyan male librarians working in libraries located in rural communities. (5) Library location has no significant effect on Libyan female librarians' attitude towards their profession. (6) Library type has no significant effect on Libyan librarians' attitude towards their profession. (7) Libyan librarians have positive attitudes towards their profession.

The purpose of this study was to develop a training program for civil service employees in the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The intent was to investigate the effectiveness of recent training programs and to discover the training needs upon which a new and possibly stronger training program for civil service employees could be developed to be used by the Institute of Public Administration in Jamahiriya.Five research questions provided direction for this study which had as its sample 120 civil service employees of various educational, professional, and training backgrounds in Libya. Descriptive statistics were used in analyzing the raw data obtained from questionnaire responses. The questionnaire consisted of fifteen questions pertaining to the nature and importance of employee training, the elements of an effective training program, the role and responsibilities of a trainer, types of training programs, and evaluation methods of civil service employee training programs. A Likert Scale was utilized to determine the degree of agreement or disagreement with each statement included in the questionnaire.The results of the study indicated that:1. a master plan for organizing and supervising training programs is needed2. training programs should be built after identifying the training needs3. training should relate to job responsibilities4. trainees should be employed in the areas in which they received training5. management and supervisors need to develop further skills and increase their knowledge to assist employees6. the development of a central training unit for planning, organizing, supervising and controlling training policies on the national level is neededA review of the data led to the following conclusions with regard to the development of effective training programs:Effective training programs must include skillful and knowledgeable trainers, proper trainee selection, proper implementation of on-the-job and off-the-job training, sufficient planning and time scheduling, use of effective training methods/techniques, up-to-date materials, a proper learning environment, and an evaluation tool to assess program and trainer/trainee strengths and weaknesses.

Thèse--Université de Paris. / "Bibliographie": p. 327-338.

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In 2015, the “Migrant Crisis” caused panic in Europe, with Europe experiencing a high number of migrants arriving from the sea. Some countries increasing their bans on migrants and other limiting their migrant intake, the repercussions faced by the migrants in Libya have been atrocious. Soon, there were various reports exposing the abuse that the migrants were facing en route to Europe, one of these being slavery. Libya is the main transit route for migrants on their way to Europe and as a result, Libya has been facing a large influx of migrants. These migrants travel to Libya with the aim of being smuggled across the sea in the hopes of penetrating European borders and seeking asylum. Unfortunately, these migrants have found themselves to be victims of grave human rights abuses, including the crime of slavery. In 2017, CNN aired the first video footage that exposed the slave trade taking place in Libya. The thesis focuses on the potential accountability of the Libyan Government, the African Union, the European Union and the United Nations. It focuses on the relevant regional and international instruments and principles, including the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. Through various reports, it looks at the abuses the migrants are facing and which parties are responsible for these abuses. The thesis finds that whilst all bodies contributed to the crisis, and all bodies reacted, there are clear indications of some of them not working at their full capacity. However, as the thesis deals mainly with regional and international bodies, their accountability is limited

This thesis will examine the significance of the defense system that was a result of the Libyan wars against the Romans, Byzantines, and the Vandals. For economic and strategic reasons these nations were involved in long and bitter wars which lasted over six centuries. The policy of the long distance military expeditions, which was the main instrument of the Romans in subduing the natives in the early Empire, had failed to achieve its goals. Thus, the alternative was to erect a network of roads and forts in strategic spots such as water points, commanding hills, along the caravan routes and on the edges of fertile wadis. In fact, neither the roads, which were very well fortified, nor the massive front forts had solved the frontier problems, thus the Romans had no choice other than to leave the frontiers to be guarded by the natives themselves. To this end several civilian settlements (fortified farms) were established on the fertile wadis. "While a mixture of people coexisted in these fortified farms, the archaeological remains show that the prevailing culture belonged to the Libyan natives.

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