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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
261

Phase transition studies of liquid crystal colloids with solvents and nano-solids

Sigdel, Krishna P 21 April 2011 (has links)
Liquid crystals (LCs) are anisotropic fluids that exhibit numerous thermodynamically stable phases in between an isotropic liquid and a three-dimensionally ordered solid. In their simplest ordered phase, the nematic, LCs show orientational order due to molecular self assembly and at the same time maintaining fluid flow properties. In the smectic phase, they show both orientational and partial translational order characterized by a 1-d density wave. Liquid crystalline substances have been extensively studied due to their applications and as important physical models of self-assembly. The effect of the disorder and impurities on LC systems is an important and challenging problem to the fundamental understanding of phases ordering or self-assembly and continually attracts the attention of researchers. The disordered systems often display complex and rich phenomena, being the generalization of the pure (ideal) systems. Disorder can dramatically alter the physical properties of multi-component, composite systems. In particular, the effect of disorder on phase transitions is important as the disorder typically couples to the order parameter, which can be usefully described as a random local field that is conjugate to the order parameter. This is usually realized in systems with random inclusions in a phase ordering media, e.g., a colloidal dispersion of solids in a complex fluid. Another form of disorder is presented by dilution effects, which imposes instead the random breaking or weakening of intermolecular bonds or interactions responsible for the phase ordering. Exploring a good physical system representing random dilution effects in a controlled manner offers a physical probe to unresolved problems in the understanding of mesophasic order. This Dissertation presents a series of studies of dilution and different form of disorder effect on liquid crystal phase transitions. We have used high-resolution AC-calorimetry, dielectric spectroscopy as well as polarizing microscopy to characterize the effects of solvent such as hexane, acetone, decane, and nanomaterials such as multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferroelectric nanoparticles on the phase transitions of several liquid crystals. The liquid crystals of interest are: pentylcyanobiphenyl (5CB), octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB), and decylcyanobiphenyl (10CB). Studies have been carried out as a function of solvent, nanotube, and nanoparticles concentration and temperature spanning the isotropic to nematic (I-N), nematic to smectic-A (N-SmA), and isotropic to smectic-A (I-SmA) phase transitions.
262

Birrefringência Induzida por Gradientes de Velocidades na Fase Isotrópica de um Cristal Líquido Liotrópico / Birefringence induced velocity gradients in the isotropic phase of a lyotropic liquid crystal

Fernandes, Paulo Ricardo Garcia 18 October 1996 (has links)
Na fase isotrópica de um cristal líquido liotrópico induziu-se uma birrefringência a partir de gradientes de velocidades. Os gradientes são produzidos pelo movimento de queda de uma placa plana no interior da amostra. O diagrama de fases (da mistura KL/DeOH/H2O) em função da temperatura apresenta duas fases lamelares (L) limitando a fase isotrópica(I). A perturbação mecânica introduzida na fase isotrópica da mistura induz uma birrefringência que relaxa com um tempo característico, , da ordem de 10 POT -2s. A birrefringência induzida por gradientes de velocidades na fase isotrópica é tratada como um processo de difusão de ordem no interior da mistura. Nesta proposição determina-se, experimentalmente, um comprimento característico, l (que informa sobre as propriedades de correlação entre as micelas), a partir de medidas de transmitância em função do tempo. Esse parâmetro é da ordem de 10 POT -5 cm. O comportamento de e l em função da temperatura indica a existência de uma fase nemática virtual (FNV) no domínio isotrópico. / The flow birefringence induced in a lyotropic mixture in the isotropic phase was produced by means of velocities gradients. The gradients are produced by the movement of a plate inside the sample. As a function of temperature, the isotropic phase(I) is surrounded by two lamellar(L) phases in the phase diagram (mixture KL/DeOH/H2O). The shear flow produced by a perturbation in the isotropic phase induces a birefringence which relaxes with a typical relaxation time, ~10-2 s. The birefringence induced by velocities gradients is treated by means of an order diffusion process into the mixture. In this approach a characteristic length, l, (which informs about the correlation properties between the micelles) is experimentally obtained with the measurement of the transmittance as a function of the time. This parameter is about 10-5cm. The behavior of and 1: versus temperature indicate the existence of a virtual nematic phase(VNP) in the isotropic phase.
263

Propriedades Elásticas de um Cristal Líquido Liotrópico Nemático nas Vizinhanças da Interface Sólido-Cristal Líquido / Elastic Properties of a Nematic Liquid Crystal in lyotropic Neighbourhoods Interface Solid-Liquid Crystal

Fontanini, Sandro 27 March 1998 (has links)
Efetuamos o estudo da constante elástica efetiva de splay-bend K IND.13 por técnicas ópticas para um cristal líquido liotrópico. Neste experimento encontramos a razão entre K IND.13 e a constante elástica usual de Frank como sendo positiva e da ordem de 1. A análise teórica mostra que próximo à transição nemática-isotrópica o modelo termodinâmico para a temperatura de transição na superfície funciona razoavelmente bem. Na região de baixas temperaturas próxima à transição lamelarnemática são observados desvios importantes do comportamento teórico. No sentido interpretar os dados experimentais, propomos uma extensão fenomenológica simples do modelo termodinâmico que leva em conta as diferentes contribuições para a energia de superficie e a ordem lamelar residual próxima à superficie na fase nemática. Mostramos além disso que a constante clássica efetiva de splay-bend depende da concentração de ferrofluido na amostra. Analisamos também a influência do tratamento de superfície sobre a parte anisotrópica da tensão superficial de um cristal líquido liotrópico dopado com ferrofluido. Nosso resultado mostra que a superfície plana do vidro, independentemente da presença ou ausência de qualquer tratamento, estabiliza sobre si própria uma camada ou bicamada lamelar formada pelas moléculas anfifílicas do cristal líquido. Esta camada blinda o efeito dos filmes de Langmuir-Blodgett, ou o substrato puro sem nenhum tratamento, sobre o alinhamento de mesofases nemáticas liotrópicas. / The effective splay-bend elastic constant K13 is studied by means of an optical technique for a lyotropic nematic liquid crystal. The ratio between K13 and the usual Frank elastic constant found in this experiment is positive and of the order of 1. The theoretical analysis shows that near the nematic-isotropic transition, the termodynamical model for the temperature surface transition works reasonably well. In the low temperature region near the lamellar-nematic transition, important deviations from the theoretical behavior are observed. In order to interpret our experimental data, we propose a simple phenomenological extension of the termodynamical model that takes into account the different contributions to the surface energy and of the residual lamellar order in the nematic phase. We show, furthermore, that the effective splay-bend elastic constant depends on the ferrofluid doping concentration. The influence of the surface treatment on the ansiotropic part of the surface tension of a discotic micellar lyotropic nematic crystal doped with ferrofluid analysed. Our results show that the flat glass surface, independently of the presence or of the absence of any treatment, stabilizes onto itself a lamellar layer - bilayer - formed by the amphiphilic molecules of the liquid crystal. This layer screens the effect of the Langmuir-Blodgett film - or of the pure substrate without any treatment - on the alignment of the lyotropic nematic mesofase.
264

Distorção periódica tipo \"bend\" e estudo da biaxialidade induzida por um campo quiral em cristais líquidos liotrópicos / Periodic bend distortion and study of induced biaxiality by a chiral field in lyotropic liquid crystals

Kroin, Teodosio 24 August 1990 (has links)
A criacao de uma textura periodica por acao de um campo magnetico na fase nematica calamitica de um cristal liquido liotropico, usando a teoria elastica do continuo e estudada. O periodo (p) desta distorcao permite a obtencao da grandeza K IND.3/X IND.ALFA, onde K IND.3 e a constante elastica bend e X IND.ALFA e a anisotropia de susceptibilidade diamagnetica. A existencia de um campo magnetico critico de fredericskz, permite a determinacao de K IND.2/X IND.ALFA, onde K IND.2 e a constante elastica twist. Dopando a amostra com ferrofluido e comparando os resultados de medidas nestas amostras com medidas em amostras sem dopagem, determina-se o valor de X IND.ALFA. A biaxialidade induzida por um agente quiral e medida na transicao de fase colesterica uniaxial-colesterica biaxial no sistema liotropico: laurato de potassio, 1-decanol, agua e um dopante quiral. As medidas mostram que esta transicao e continua mas nao de segunda ordem, como ocorre na transicao nematica uniaxial-nematica biaxial. Esta mudanca e interpretada como um efeito do campo elastico quiral presente nas fases colestericas. / The creation of periodic distortion by the action of a magnetic fields in a nematic calamitic lyotrop liquid crystal using the continuum elastic theory is discussed. The wavelength (P) of that distortion allows the measurement of k3/a, where k3 is the bend elastic constant and a the anisotropy of diamagnetic susceptibility. The existence of a Fredericskz critical magnetic field allows the measurement of k2/a, where k2 is the twist ferrofluid and comparing the measurements in this new sample with those in samples without doping the value of a is obtained. The chirality-induced biaxility is measured at the uniaxial to biaxial cholesteric phase transition of the lyotropic system: potassium laurate, 1-decanol, water and some chiral agent. The measurements show that the uniaxial to biaxial cholesteric phase transition is continuous but not second order as the uniaxial to biaxial nematic phase transition. This change is interpreted to be an effect of the chiral elastic field present in the cholesteric phases.
265

Textile materials inspired by structural colour in nature

Jones, Celina January 2017 (has links)
This research explores the concept of mimicking structural colour in nature as an alternative to traditional textile coloration techniques. In particular, the research focuses on certain species of buttery and beetle. Structural colours originate from the physical interaction of light with nanoscale structures. Firstly, this study explores the use of thin, multilayer films to aid designing and producing bi-component interference fibres, exhibiting structural colour similar to that of the Morpho buttery. In the textiles industry, a bicomponent fibre called the Morphotex® fibre has been produced. This fibre replicates the structure observed on the surface of the wings of the Morpho buttery, responsible for achieving the distinctive iridescent blue. The project aims to replicate and extend on previously implemented biomimetic structures on textiles. Secondly, this project investigates ways in which Cholesteric Liquid Crystals(CLC) can be printed onto a range of textile substrates using k-bar coating and inkjet printing methods, to exhibit structural colour similar to that of the Chrysina Gloriosa beetle. CLCs produce a wide colour gamut and provide angular colour effects that would be a welcome addition to the 'toolbox' of a textile designer. In this study, solvent based ink formulations containing CLCs are applied to pre-treated textile substrates, using a piezoelectric inkjet printer. Different ink formulations, with varying concentrations of nematic liquid crystal and chiral dopant, are investigated to create a range of coloured films. This research determines whether fibre content, fabric structure, thread density, film thickness and surface treatments have an impact on the colour perceived by the observer.
266

Orientation of crystalline overlayers on amorphous substrates by artificially produced surface relief structures.

Flanders, Dale Clifton January 1978 (has links)
Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / Ph.D.
267

Desenvolvimento, caracterização e ação anti-biofilme oralde sistemas nanoestruturados bioadesivos contendo o peptídeo KSL-W /

Bernegossi, Jéssica. January 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Marlus Chorilli / Coorientador: Carla Raquel Fontana / Banca: Herida Regina Nunes Salgado / Banca: Cristiane Duque / Resumo: As doenças periodontais acometem grande parte da população, sendo uma das causas de perdas dentárias em humanos. As suas manifestações clínicas podem ser divididas genericamente em gengivite e periodontite, dependendo da existência ou não de envolvimento do tecido de sustentação dos dentes. Sabe-se que sua etiologia envolve, dentre outros fatores, o acúmulo de biofilme dental supra- e subgengival. Dessa maneira, estudos buscam avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano de substâncias que possuam ação contra biofilme dental multiespécie. Recentemente, um crescente interesse tem sido observado no estudo de peptídeos, como o KSL-W, que demonstram ação antimicrobiana contra micro-organismos presentes no biofilme dental. Sistemas nanoestruturados de liberação de fármacos, como os sistemas líquido-cristalinos (SLC), têm sido muito utilizados pelo fato de aumentarem a estabilidade e a eficácia de fármacos, além de modularem sua ação, o que os torna aptos a serem usados como carreadores de peptídeos. A potencialização destes sistemas de liberação pode, possivelmente, ser conseguida com a presença de substâncias mucoadesivas, essenciais para a permanência prolongada da formulação no local de ação. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar sistemas nanoestruturados mucoadesivos, como os SLC, para incorporação do peptídeo sintético KSL-W, e posteriormente, avaliar a ação in vitro em biofilme multiespécie salivar. Para isso, foram desenvolvidos sistemas líquidocristalinos constituídos por álcool cetílico propoxilado e etoxilado - Procetyl® AWS (tensoativo, T), ácido oleico (fase oleosa, FO) e dispersão de poloxamer 407 nas concentrações de 0,5%, 0,75% e 1% (fase aquosa, FA), obtendo-se os diagramas S1, S2 e S3, respectivamente. Selecionou-se 4 pontos de cada um dos diagramas mantendo-se a concentração do T em 50% e variando-se as proporções de FA e FO, a saber F27 - 50% T, 10% FO... / Abstract: Periodontal diseases affect a large part of the population, being one of the causes of tooth loss in humans. Their chronic manifestations can be divided briefly in gingivitis and periodontitis, depending on the existence or not of teeth support tissue involvement. It is known that its etiology involves, among other factors, the accumulation of dental biofilm supra- and subgingival. Thus, studies seek to assess the antimicrobial potential of substances that have action against multispecies biofilms. Recently, a growing interest it has been observed in the study of peptides that demonstrate antimicrobial action against microorganisms present in the dental biofilm, as the KSL-W peptide. Nanostructured systems of drug release, as the liquidcrystalline systems (LCS), have long been used because of increasing stability and the efficacy of drugs, beyond modulate their action, that make them suitable to be used like peptide carrier. The potentialization of delivery system can, possibly, be achieved with the presence of mucoadesivas substances, essential for the prolonged stay of the formulation in the action place. Thereby, it is intended to develop and characterize nanostructured systems mucoadesivos, as the LCS, for incorporation of the synthetic peptide KSL-W, and later, evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial action in multispecie biofilms grown on the surface dental root. For that, developed liquid-crystalline systems constituted by cetyl alcohol ethoxylate and propoxilado - Procetyl® AWS (surfactant, S), oleic acid (oily phase, OP) and dispersion of poloxamer 407 at concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75% e 1% (the aqueous phase, AP), obtaining the diagrams S1, S2 e S3. It was selected 4 points of each diagram keeping the concentration of surfactant in 50% and varying the proportions of the AP and OP, F27 - 50% S, 10% OP and 40% AP; F28 - 50% S, 20% OP and 30% AP; F29 - 50% S, 30% OP and 20% AP; F30 - 50% S, 40% OP and 10% AP. Posteriorly, the ... / Mestre
268

Birrefringência Induzida por Gradientes de Velocidades na Fase Isotrópica de um Cristal Líquido Liotrópico / Birefringence induced velocity gradients in the isotropic phase of a lyotropic liquid crystal

Paulo Ricardo Garcia Fernandes 18 October 1996 (has links)
Na fase isotrópica de um cristal líquido liotrópico induziu-se uma birrefringência a partir de gradientes de velocidades. Os gradientes são produzidos pelo movimento de queda de uma placa plana no interior da amostra. O diagrama de fases (da mistura KL/DeOH/H2O) em função da temperatura apresenta duas fases lamelares (L) limitando a fase isotrópica(I). A perturbação mecânica introduzida na fase isotrópica da mistura induz uma birrefringência que relaxa com um tempo característico, , da ordem de 10 POT -2s. A birrefringência induzida por gradientes de velocidades na fase isotrópica é tratada como um processo de difusão de ordem no interior da mistura. Nesta proposição determina-se, experimentalmente, um comprimento característico, l (que informa sobre as propriedades de correlação entre as micelas), a partir de medidas de transmitância em função do tempo. Esse parâmetro é da ordem de 10 POT -5 cm. O comportamento de e l em função da temperatura indica a existência de uma fase nemática virtual (FNV) no domínio isotrópico. / The flow birefringence induced in a lyotropic mixture in the isotropic phase was produced by means of velocities gradients. The gradients are produced by the movement of a plate inside the sample. As a function of temperature, the isotropic phase(I) is surrounded by two lamellar(L) phases in the phase diagram (mixture KL/DeOH/H2O). The shear flow produced by a perturbation in the isotropic phase induces a birefringence which relaxes with a typical relaxation time, ~10-2 s. The birefringence induced by velocities gradients is treated by means of an order diffusion process into the mixture. In this approach a characteristic length, l, (which informs about the correlation properties between the micelles) is experimentally obtained with the measurement of the transmittance as a function of the time. This parameter is about 10-5cm. The behavior of and 1: versus temperature indicate the existence of a virtual nematic phase(VNP) in the isotropic phase.
269

Propriedades Elásticas de um Cristal Líquido Liotrópico Nemático nas Vizinhanças da Interface Sólido-Cristal Líquido / Elastic Properties of a Nematic Liquid Crystal in lyotropic Neighbourhoods Interface Solid-Liquid Crystal

Sandro Fontanini 27 March 1998 (has links)
Efetuamos o estudo da constante elástica efetiva de splay-bend K IND.13 por técnicas ópticas para um cristal líquido liotrópico. Neste experimento encontramos a razão entre K IND.13 e a constante elástica usual de Frank como sendo positiva e da ordem de 1. A análise teórica mostra que próximo à transição nemática-isotrópica o modelo termodinâmico para a temperatura de transição na superfície funciona razoavelmente bem. Na região de baixas temperaturas próxima à transição lamelarnemática são observados desvios importantes do comportamento teórico. No sentido interpretar os dados experimentais, propomos uma extensão fenomenológica simples do modelo termodinâmico que leva em conta as diferentes contribuições para a energia de superficie e a ordem lamelar residual próxima à superficie na fase nemática. Mostramos além disso que a constante clássica efetiva de splay-bend depende da concentração de ferrofluido na amostra. Analisamos também a influência do tratamento de superfície sobre a parte anisotrópica da tensão superficial de um cristal líquido liotrópico dopado com ferrofluido. Nosso resultado mostra que a superfície plana do vidro, independentemente da presença ou ausência de qualquer tratamento, estabiliza sobre si própria uma camada ou bicamada lamelar formada pelas moléculas anfifílicas do cristal líquido. Esta camada blinda o efeito dos filmes de Langmuir-Blodgett, ou o substrato puro sem nenhum tratamento, sobre o alinhamento de mesofases nemáticas liotrópicas. / The effective splay-bend elastic constant K13 is studied by means of an optical technique for a lyotropic nematic liquid crystal. The ratio between K13 and the usual Frank elastic constant found in this experiment is positive and of the order of 1. The theoretical analysis shows that near the nematic-isotropic transition, the termodynamical model for the temperature surface transition works reasonably well. In the low temperature region near the lamellar-nematic transition, important deviations from the theoretical behavior are observed. In order to interpret our experimental data, we propose a simple phenomenological extension of the termodynamical model that takes into account the different contributions to the surface energy and of the residual lamellar order in the nematic phase. We show, furthermore, that the effective splay-bend elastic constant depends on the ferrofluid doping concentration. The influence of the surface treatment on the ansiotropic part of the surface tension of a discotic micellar lyotropic nematic crystal doped with ferrofluid analysed. Our results show that the flat glass surface, independently of the presence or of the absence of any treatment, stabilizes onto itself a lamellar layer - bilayer - formed by the amphiphilic molecules of the liquid crystal. This layer screens the effect of the Langmuir-Blodgett film - or of the pure substrate without any treatment - on the alignment of the lyotropic nematic mesofase.
270

Distorção periódica tipo \"bend\" e estudo da biaxialidade induzida por um campo quiral em cristais líquidos liotrópicos / Periodic bend distortion and study of induced biaxiality by a chiral field in lyotropic liquid crystals

Teodosio Kroin 24 August 1990 (has links)
A criacao de uma textura periodica por acao de um campo magnetico na fase nematica calamitica de um cristal liquido liotropico, usando a teoria elastica do continuo e estudada. O periodo (p) desta distorcao permite a obtencao da grandeza K IND.3/X IND.ALFA, onde K IND.3 e a constante elastica bend e X IND.ALFA e a anisotropia de susceptibilidade diamagnetica. A existencia de um campo magnetico critico de fredericskz, permite a determinacao de K IND.2/X IND.ALFA, onde K IND.2 e a constante elastica twist. Dopando a amostra com ferrofluido e comparando os resultados de medidas nestas amostras com medidas em amostras sem dopagem, determina-se o valor de X IND.ALFA. A biaxialidade induzida por um agente quiral e medida na transicao de fase colesterica uniaxial-colesterica biaxial no sistema liotropico: laurato de potassio, 1-decanol, agua e um dopante quiral. As medidas mostram que esta transicao e continua mas nao de segunda ordem, como ocorre na transicao nematica uniaxial-nematica biaxial. Esta mudanca e interpretada como um efeito do campo elastico quiral presente nas fases colestericas. / The creation of periodic distortion by the action of a magnetic fields in a nematic calamitic lyotrop liquid crystal using the continuum elastic theory is discussed. The wavelength (P) of that distortion allows the measurement of k3/a, where k3 is the bend elastic constant and a the anisotropy of diamagnetic susceptibility. The existence of a Fredericskz critical magnetic field allows the measurement of k2/a, where k2 is the twist ferrofluid and comparing the measurements in this new sample with those in samples without doping the value of a is obtained. The chirality-induced biaxility is measured at the uniaxial to biaxial cholesteric phase transition of the lyotropic system: potassium laurate, 1-decanol, water and some chiral agent. The measurements show that the uniaxial to biaxial cholesteric phase transition is continuous but not second order as the uniaxial to biaxial nematic phase transition. This change is interpreted to be an effect of the chiral elastic field present in the cholesteric phases.

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