No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The Mineral Park mine is a porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit developed within and adjacent to a Laramide quartz monzonite porphyry stock which intrudes Precambrian rocks in northwestern Arizona. The Precambrain sequence consists of older, broadly folded metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks which were intruded by a 1700-1800 m.y. old granite gneiss batholith. The contact between the two Precambrian terranes is a major structural element in the district and appears to have been important in localizing the Laramide intrusions and mineralization. Alteration is defined by early pervasive biotitization of hornblende in the Precambrain rocks and by recrystallization of rock biotite in the quartz monzonite porphyry. Pervasively biotitized rocks are crosscut first by biotite and then by K-feldspar veinlets. Fracture-controlled, economic sulfide mineralization then began with quartz-molybdenite-K-feldspar-anhydrite and was followed by quartz-chalcopyrite-K-feldspar-anhydrite. This potassic alteration and accompanying mineralization occur throughout the deposit and are crosscut by later quartz-pyrite-sericite veinlets. Orientations of mineralized fractures evolved through time from EW during molybdenum mineralization to NW during quartz-pyrite-sericite mineralization. Fracture densities during molybdenum mineralization averaged 0.05 cm⁻¹ and increased to 0.14 cm⁻¹ during quartz-pyrite-sericite mineralization. Sulfides were deposited from low salinity fluids (0.5 - 2.0 molal) in the temperature range 330°-360°C. High salinity fluids occurred only with quartz that was earlier than sulfide deposition. No homogenization temperatures greater than 440°C were observed. Molybdenum mineralization cuts all rock types and defines a vertical cylinder with a distinct low-grade core. Ore grade molybdenum mineralization is equally distributed between Laramide and Precambrian rocks, and overall grade decreases with depth. Hypogene copper mineralization has a greater lateral distribution than molybdenum mineralization, and surrounds a low grade core coincident with the low grade molybdenum core. The distribution of alteration and mineralization assemblages and the fact that both of these features crosscut all exposed rock types suggest that copper-molybdenum mineralization was not temporally related to the quartz monzonite porphyry exposed in the mine area. The narrow range of homogenization temperatures observed and the lack of high homogenization temperatures compared with the results of computer modelled systems indicate formation of mineralization 2 to 3 km above a source intrusion. Because no evidence for boiling was observed, only minimum pressures of formation can be determined. Minimum pressures during sulfide deposition varied from 180 to 80 bars. These pressures correspond to minimum depths of formation of 2 to 3 km which is in good agreement with an inferred depth of burial of approximately 3 km based on stratigraphy restored from the adjacent Colorado Plateau.

The purpose of this study has been an investigation of citizen participation in USDA Forest Service land management planning for the Coronado National Forest (CNF) in southeastern Arizona. Using an interdisciplinary approach, this research combined concepts from the fields of sociology, political science, natural resource planning and management to develop methods for obtaining citizen input, promoting ethnic minority participation, and following Forest Service use of public comment in the planning process. Data from existing questionnaires and a short questionnaire developed specifically for planning forums were used to investigate forms of participation, determine which publics participate and ascertain levels of interest in natural resource planning. Participation on the CNF core planning team provided observations on use of the publics' input. Despite a 20 percent Mexican-American population surrounding the CNF, there was essentially no ethnic minority participation in planning forums designed to gather public issues. Data support the thesis that minorities did not participate because they did not generally think that natural resource questions were important and did not support land planning. Ethnic minorities will come to meetings when they are directly affected, despite a low sense of efficacy. Ethnic minorities had equal access to information about planning forums; however, very few were on the mailing list because they did not respond to a letter inviting them to be on the CNF mailing and generally did not answer requests for public comment. The Forest Service used the public comments received as the basis for writing issue statements which set the parameters for integrating land and resource planning. Results were reported back to the public for review and issue statements were subsequently revised as a result of citizen and other agency comment. Citizen participation is one way to overcome skepticism of the Forest Service resource management performed in the name of the public interest. Different syles of decision-making imply different roles for citizen participation. Elections are decided by voting and legislative votes are influenced by lobbying. In a bureaucracy, incremental decision-making suggests citizen participation in order to map the political terrain, satisficing encourages interest group negotiation, and the synoptic approach wants facts from the publics. To count votes when decisions are being made to satisfice adds irrelevant data that frustrates both decision-maker and public. Comprehensive and useful public comment can be obtained from a structured process that is appropriate to the decision-making style the agency is using. Citizen views are part of the decision, but so also are economics, legal requirements, and resource constraints. Only in elections do a majority of citizens who vote, win. Bureaucratic decisions are not so neat in terms of popular will. But that is inherent in a government run by three branches, the legislative, executive, and judicial, in a complex society.

The variability of prehistoric settlements and settlement systems (settlement variability) is a result of the kinds of activities conducted (functional variability) and how long and intensively settlements were occupied (occupational variability). Previous studies of settlement variability, especially in the American Southwest, have emphasized primarily functional variability. This study explores the implications of both functional and occupational variability in contributing to settlement variability and how these factors in turn influence our ability to reconstruct past settlement systems. In investigating the effects of functional and occupational variability on settlement variability, an attempt was made to control the effects of other variables that might possibly contribute to settlement variability. Accordingly, the experimental design for this study required that a sufficient number of archaeological sites of the same developmental stage and cultural affiliation occurring in the same homogeneous environment be located. These design requirements were fulfilled by the discovery of the Pitiful Flats locality located midway between Grasshopper and Cibecue in east-central Arizona. The surface material of 34 archaeological sites (12 lithic sites, 22 ceramic sites) on Pitiful Flats was systematically collected to ensure data comparability. To control further for the effects of functional variability, interpretation-free units of analysis were developed for the lithic and ceramic assemblages by means of taxonomically based typologies. Typological and metric variation in these units of analysis, as well as variation in non-assemblage measurements (site size, density, and distribution of occupational debris), is used as evidence to support conclusions about site-type differences in lithic technology and settlement function, and to develop an occupational history of each Pitiful Flats site. These site-specific inferences provide a basis for reconstructing the structure of an extinct settlement system in the Grasshopper area. This reconstruction suggests that prior to the appearance of masonry architecture in the Grasshopper area, the basic regional settlement system consisted of a small number of "home bases" (permanently occupied habitations) and numerous sporadically occupied "work camps." The home base and work camps were spatially exclusive; the work camps were tethered to a particular home base. The tether settlement system explains many of the facts of the regional archaeological record. It also provides a basis for advancing the hypothesis that a modified form of swidden agriculture (non-slash and burn as opposed to slash and burn) was practiced. This form of cultivation was a non-labor-intensive technique for transforming a marginally productive environment for agricultural purposes. The demographic and social implications of the tether settlement model and the non-slash swidden hypothesis for understanding regional Grasshopper prehistory are also discussed.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

A report produced through an agreement between the City of Coolidge and the University of Arizona.