Neto1 and Neto2 are CUB domain-containing transmembrane proteins that are expressed in the mammalian brain. Previous studies showed that Neto1 is a NMDAR-associated protein with important roles in synaptic plasticity and learning/memory (Ng et al., 2009). To establish the functions of Neto2, I first searched for its binding partners. Using yeast two-hybrid analysis, GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation studies, I found that Neto2 can bind to the PDZ domain-containing protein GRIP. In the brain, GRIP regulates the synaptic trafficking and stability of AMPA and kainate receptors (KARs) (Hirbec et al., 2003). To determine whether Neto2 is required for the synaptic expression of KARs and/or AMPARs, I examined whether Neto2 was associated with these receptors at the postsynaptic membrane. Coimmunoprecipitation studies showed that while Neto2 is a component of postsynaptic KAR protein complexes, it is not associated with AMPARs. In the cerebellum, Neto2-null mice showed a 44% (n=3;p<0.01) decrease in the abundance of postsynaptic KARs with no change in the level of total KARs, thus suggesting a specific deficit in KAR synaptic localization. Unexpectedly, loss of Neto2 had no effect on the abundance of hippocampal KARs (n=3; p>0.05), or on neurotransmission by them (n=12; p>0.05). To determine whether this normal KAR function might be due to compensation by Neto1, which also interacts with KARs, I examined KAR abundance in Neto1-null, and Neto1/2-double null hippocampus. Loss of Neto1 resulted in a 53% decrease in postsynaptic levels of GluK2-KARs (n=3;p<0.01). However, in double null animals, the reduction was indistinguishable from Neto1 single null mice, suggesting that Neto2 is not involved in the postsynaptic localization of hippocampal KARs. In Neto1-null mice, KAR-mediated currents showed smaller amplitude (61% of wild-type;n=14;p<0.01), and faster decay kinetics (40% of wild-type;n=14;p<0.001). Together, these findings establish both Neto1 and Neto2 as auxiliary proteins of native KARs: Neto1 regulates the synaptic abundance and kinetics of KARs in the hippocampus, while Neto2 mediates the synaptic localization of cerebellar KARs. Additionally, the results presented here, in conjunction with previous findings, reveal a unique ability of Neto1 in controlling synaptic transmission by serving as an auxiliary protein for two different classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors.

Neto1 and Neto2 are CUB domain-containing transmembrane proteins that are expressed in the mammalian brain. Previous studies showed that Neto1 is a NMDAR-associated protein with important roles in synaptic plasticity and learning/memory (Ng et al., 2009). To establish the functions of Neto2, I first searched for its binding partners. Using yeast two-hybrid analysis, GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation studies, I found that Neto2 can bind to the PDZ domain-containing protein GRIP. In the brain, GRIP regulates the synaptic trafficking and stability of AMPA and kainate receptors (KARs) (Hirbec et al., 2003). To determine whether Neto2 is required for the synaptic expression of KARs and/or AMPARs, I examined whether Neto2 was associated with these receptors at the postsynaptic membrane. Coimmunoprecipitation studies showed that while Neto2 is a component of postsynaptic KAR protein complexes, it is not associated with AMPARs. In the cerebellum, Neto2-null mice showed a 44% (n=3;p<0.01) decrease in the abundance of postsynaptic KARs with no change in the level of total KARs, thus suggesting a specific deficit in KAR synaptic localization. Unexpectedly, loss of Neto2 had no effect on the abundance of hippocampal KARs (n=3; p>0.05), or on neurotransmission by them (n=12; p>0.05). To determine whether this normal KAR function might be due to compensation by Neto1, which also interacts with KARs, I examined KAR abundance in Neto1-null, and Neto1/2-double null hippocampus. Loss of Neto1 resulted in a 53% decrease in postsynaptic levels of GluK2-KARs (n=3;p<0.01). However, in double null animals, the reduction was indistinguishable from Neto1 single null mice, suggesting that Neto2 is not involved in the postsynaptic localization of hippocampal KARs. In Neto1-null mice, KAR-mediated currents showed smaller amplitude (61% of wild-type;n=14;p<0.01), and faster decay kinetics (40% of wild-type;n=14;p<0.001). Together, these findings establish both Neto1 and Neto2 as auxiliary proteins of native KARs: Neto1 regulates the synaptic abundance and kinetics of KARs in the hippocampus, while Neto2 mediates the synaptic localization of cerebellar KARs. Additionally, the results presented here, in conjunction with previous findings, reveal a unique ability of Neto1 in controlling synaptic transmission by serving as an auxiliary protein for two different classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1945.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1945.

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005. / Thesis Advisor(s): David A. Schrady. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-85). Also available online.

No description available.

Beginning in the late eighth century A.D., the Vikings of Scandinavia expanded westward, first to raid and later to settle and trade. By the 11th century, they inhabited territory extending into the North Atlantic, including the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. These settlements were by no means monocultural and were located hundreds of miles away from the population centres of medieval Europe. In time, this distance and the relative isolation of the region contributed to the development of new cultural identities of the inhabitants. Unfortunately, the Middle Ages have not received as much attention as the Viking Age in the North Atlantic, and little has been written about identity in the North Atlantic aside from the underlying assumption that the people were Norwegian prior to forming their own local identities. This thesis aims to examine these identities over the entire North Atlantic region by studying the relationships between the island groups and questioning how the inhabitants used material culture to interact within a larger European, Christian milieu. Focussing on the period c. 1150-1450, this thesis approaches the cultural identity of these societies by evaluating the material culture and practices of the inhabitants using theoretical frameworks in identity, material culture, and island archaeology that have rarely, if ever, been applied in the medieval North Atlantic. Because of the wide geographical scope of this study, three case studies of artefact assemblages will be used: one each in the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. These assemblages will be analysed both for the style and form of the objects and for the domestic and overseas contacts they represent, using the British Isles and Norway as starting points because of their known contacts with the North Atlantic. Material culture can be manipulated in order to create identities that give the user certain social, political or economic advantages. Understanding the material choices made in the North Atlantic, such as church architecture, clothing, table wares and dress accessories, can help us to understand the identities these people sought to portray. Further, using the abovementioned theoretical approaches, this thesis attempts to understand why certain material choices were made and what advantages those people hoped to gain by using that material culture. It is hoped that this thesis will help to illustrate the role that material culture played in cultural identity of the North Atlantic settlements in the Middle Ages, and to promote further discussion of identity in the North Atlantic on a regional level in this period.

No description available.

No description available.

Denna rapport behandlar behovet av lokalkraft i Vattenfalls transformatorstationer. Tre vanligt förekommande transformatorstationer - stamstation, regionstation och fördelningsstation - har studerats. Alla transformatorstationer behöver lokalkraft för att fungera. Begreppet lokalkraft syftar till den matning som förser en transformatorstations utrustning med el. Apparater som försörjs av lokalkraften är bland annat motorer för brytare, transformatorkylning, kontrollutrustning, värme och belysning. Ok-lindning är ett exempel på en lokalkraftslösning, vilket är det alternativ som Vattenfall vanligtvis använder. Denna lindning är placerad i huvudtransformatorn och består av ett fåtal varv runt järnkärnan. Spänningen från ok-lindningen är aldrig exakt 400 V och därför krävs en matchningstransformator. Rapporten beskriver även kort några andra lokalkraftslösningar samt några tillfälliga effektuttag. Studien undersöker hur stort det teoretiska lokalkraftsbehovet är och vad det är för utrustning som har störst effektförbrukning i de tre stationstyperna. Effekterna delas upp i tre kategorier: ställverk, kontrollanläggning och lokal. Det beräknade lokalkraftsbehovet är i stamstationen 140 kVA, i regionstationen 54 kVA och i fördelningsstationen 25 kVA. Resultaten visar att det teoretiska lokalkraftsbehovet i samtliga studerade stationer är lägre än de standardstorlekar Vattenfall tillämpar som är på 400 kVA, 250 kVA och 100 kVA. / This thesis studies the auxiliary power requirement in Vattenfall's substations. Three common substations - national grid substation, regional grid substation and distribution grid substation - have been studied. All substations need auxiliary power to function properly. Auxiliary power is what powers the substation equipment, for example motor drives, transformer cooling, control equipment, heating and lighting. Auxiliary winding is one solution to supply auxiliary power, which is the option that Vattenfall commonly uses. The winding is placed in the main transformer and consists of a few turns around the iron core. The voltage from an auxiliary winding is never exactly 400 V and a matching transformer is therefore required. The report also briefly describes a few other auxiliary power solutions and a few temporary power consumptions. The study examines the theoretical auxiliary power requirements and what kind of equipment that has the highest power consumption in each of the three types of substations. The power consumption is divided into three categories, switchgear, control equipment and premises. The calculated auxiliary power requirement is 140 kVA for the national substation, 54 kVA for the region substation and 25 kVA for the distribution substation. The results show that the theoretical auxiliary power requirement in all of the studied substations is lower than the standard auxiliary winding sizes used by Vattenfall, which is 400 kVA, 250 kVA and 100 kVA.