Thesis (Ingeniero Zootecnista)--Escuela Superior Politecnica de Chimborazo. Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias. Escuela de Ingeniera Zootecnica. / Abstract in Spanish and English.

The faculty of natural resources, School of Agricultural Engineering of ESPOCH, with an agreement since 1992 with the Benson Institute of Brigham Young University has been working with the development of small scale production before its diffusion it is necessary to know the real social- economic conditions and the technological levels of the most important harvests of the communities, that when this model is involved in the aspects that affect the production. For this reason this investigation was made necessary in which the following objectives were raised: 1. Evaluate the social-economic conditions of the communities of San Lorenzo of Cahuiña, Guiñatus Chico and Cunambay. 2. Determine the technological levels of the harvest of barley, potatoes of the communities in study. The universe constituted the whole of families from the three communities. The sample size was 50% of the total of families taken at random in each community. The investigation was accomplished based on the observations, personal interviews, direct surveys of farmers, analysis of gathered information and secondary information. This information was analyzed based on the following statistical techniques: percentages and frequency histograms, arithmetic mean, ranges, maximum and minimum values.

In the Ecuadorian society there is a pronounced difference in the distribution of work between men and women. In the Ecuadorian society the man is dominant and the woman is seen as a free form of strenuous and excessive labor, who often goes without pay. The woman herself minimizes her own contribution in the production process, thereby magnifying this culture distinction. The division of work related responsibilities, through gender distinctions, has given women more tasks to complete, in addition to those generally reserved for females (taking care of the children, the animals and various household chores). Women also tend to aide in agricultural production, which often generates an important household income. This additional income, through agricultural means, continues to go unnoticed, thereby ignoring the true economic participation of women in rural areas. Planned Objectives were: Determine the production activities that the rural women fulfill in the communities of Puculpala, Llulluchi and Guzo in the Chimborazo province and Determine if the women in rural areas from the before said communities, benefit from their agricultural production. The diagnosis was completed through, studies, observations, personal interviews, text investigation and data analysis. A preliminary visit was made, in order to conduct observations, in the three above noted communities. After establishing a workable relationship with the people, interviews and surveys were conducted according to the annexes one through thirteen. The major production activities of the women in the studied communities are agriculture related. The percentage of women who work in agriculture are 66.67% in Puculpalpa, 60% in Guzo and 66.67% in Llulluchi. In Puculpalpa the women perform handcrafts as well. The women cultivate potatoes and corn in all three areas. They perform minor work with livestock, such as the breeding and rearing of the dairy cow and marketing of its milk. The most widely performed agricultural practice among the women is the cultivation of the potato. They spend an average time of 30% in sowing preparation, 32.22% in soil preparation, 11.67% in seed preparation, 23.33% sowing and fertilizing, 36.67% cultivating, 25.56% insect and disease control, 24.45% weeding, 35.56% harvesting, and 15.55% in the transportation and the marketing of products. Due to the fact that most of the agricultural work is for personal consumption, women are rarely paid for activities they perform. The countrywomen play a fundamental role in the production process, by supplying the food for their household. Despite this, in most circumstances their products have a lower market value then that of their male counterparts. The countrywomen greatly contribute to the income of the family through participation in the raising of cattle. Their role in this process brings an occasional income of 25.26% in Puculpala, 33.33% in Guzo and 30% in Llulluchi. Occasionally they contribute a daily income of S/. 8,000-9,000. In all three communities temporary migration of the women to larger cities, such as Quito, Riobamba and Guayaquil, are prevalent. Women perform house chores for other families in these cities. They prepare the food, take care of the children, collect firewood, clean, sew and shop. Illiteracy is high in all three communities, reaching 40% in Pucupalpa, 13.33%, in Guzo and 6.67% in Llulluchi. They are unable to perform basic solicitations and credit transactions. This lack of knowledge renders the women, unable to properly administrate their finances. This often results in lower paying jobs when they migrate. In all three communities there exists a religious faith in which the women seek divine assistance in their work. In Puculpala 53.33%, Guzo 6.67% and Llulluchi 33.33% of the women pray for a successful harvest. This practice is also true of males.

La presente investigación, realizada entre 2013 y 2016, basa su diálogo entre el rito, el símbolo y la ideología como categorías capaces de ser identificadas a través de la oralidad de los actores principales de estos sitios, y a partir de las cuales se pueden tender lazos semejantes para intentar una lectura comparada entre ritos que corresponden a realidades diferentes motivadas, sin embargo, por algunos puntos en común. A partir de ahí, este trabajo busca ubicar los niveles de utilidad que los hombres hallan en estas prácticas rituales, así como proyectar la mirada sobre la relación que se marca entre el rito y la migración, la expansión del mercado, la presencia mayor o menor del Estado y sus vías para solucionar necesidades locales, y la medida en que estos factores van negociando su forma de estar dentro de un imaginario local en el que el rito es tanto creación como transmisión de conocimiento. / Tesis

During 43 weeks three communities belonging to the Chambo-Guano irrigation system (María Auxiliadora, San Antonio, and Tunshi San Javier) were studied. Each family had 0.662 ± 0.149 producing cows, 0.115 ± 0.048 dry cows, 0.381 ± 0.095 heifers, 0.252 ± 0.068 young bulls, 0.158 ± 0.052 bulls, and 0.568 ± 0.096 calves. The age at first mounting (21.696 ± 9.28 months) showed that the cows enter reproduction late. Of the cows, 71.94 ± 5.26% were of household varieties. To feed them, alfalfa was used at 79.86 ± 4.5%, undergrowth 56.83 ± 5.62%, corn stalks 48.2 ± 6.02%, kikuyu 19.42 ± 4.63%, crop aftermaths 18.71 ± 4.29%, zig-zig 17.27%, agave 9.35 ± 3.5%, ray grass (8.63 ± 2.98), banana waste 8.63 ± 3.28%, and oats 2.88 ± 1.96%. There were 280 ± 85.27 mother sheep, 64 ± 33.697 male reproducers, 174 ± 54.62 young sheep, and 198 ± 65.76 lambs. The age at first mounting was 18.45 ± 9.55 months and time between shearings was 12.62 ± 2.91 months with a production of 7.46 ± 3.99 pounds of wool. 53.24 ± 5.82% of the sheep were household breeds. As sources of food there were underbrush (46.04 ± 5.79%), pasturing (41.73 ± 5.77%), alfalfa (25.9 ± 5.25%), crop aftermaths (12.95 ± 3.99%), ray grass (5.76 ± 2.64%), and corn stalks (5.04 ± 2.65%). There were 672 ± 310.302 pigs. The age at first birthing was 18.108 ± 1.153 months with 8.237 ± 0.713 piglets per birthing, with only 5.536 ± 0.472 weaned at an age of 2.419 ± 0.156 months. As a food source, there was underbrush (56.12 ± 5.94%), banana waste (51.8 ± 5.85%), kitchen scraps (48.2 ± 5.95%), crop aftermaths (38.85 ± 5.26%), bran (28.06 ± 5.37%), alfalfa (26.62 ± 5.19%), and quiquyo (4.32 ± 2.33%). The guinea pig population was 3608 ± 683.653 with 2.52 ± 0.1 young per birthing. Outstanding food sources were alfalfa (79.86 ± 4.74%), chilca (34.53 ± 5.72%), underbrush (24.46 ± 5.18%), and kitchen scraps (11.51 ± 3.77%). The bird population was 1140 ± 226.856 animals. The majority are household chickens (47.48 ± 11.79%) used for egg production. Predominating foods were dried corn (72.66 ± 5.26%), barley (35.97 ± 5.62%), and wheat (1.44 ± 1.40%). The communities studied tend toward using bovine milk production. Even when the cows have low reproduction rates, they have important levels of milk production. The number of calves per birth could be adequate, but the levels of weaning are low. In guinea pigs and birds there were not any precarious forms of tenancy; possibly there are family property forms. It is recommended that the study be deepened in order to establish the influence of irrigation water, implement profitable programs of exploitation, and establish plans to help forward ecological tourism.

The nutritional food situation in our country is alarming, by what has been classified as a major public health problem, their principle manifestation is the protein malnutrition- energy, with a high prevalence in urban zones- marginal and rural population. It is considered that the main causes that originate on one hand are still deteriorating at a level of income in the popular sectors with the consequent impossibility of access to basic services such as housing, education, stable jobs, health services (drinking water, sewage, etc.) appropriate food regimes, greatly affecting those vulnerable groups such as children and women in fertile years. (1) The nutritional problem is so bad where a major part of the pregnant women in the country live, that they compromise not only their physiological conditions but what is even more serious, the irreversible attention to uterine development of children, causing degeneration in growth and development. (2) (3) Around a half a million women in the world die annually due to complications related with pregnancy and delivery, 99 percent of these deaths coming from countries in development. Women of said countries have a greater number of pregnancies and reduced access to adequate medical services in developing countries. A good number of maternal deaths could be prevented through routine prenatal and obstetric services. (4) As such in 1998 at a national level they determined that 60% of pregnant women died from anemia due to the lack of iron, 30-40% suffered from some type of malnutrition and 30% of Ecuadorian women had children without previous assistance. (5) According to CEPAR, in Ecuador the reason for maternal mortality estimated by ENDEMAIN -94 during the period of 1988-1994, was 160 maternal deaths per 1000 live births for women between the ages of 15-49; this means that approximately 460 women die each year due to causes of pregnancy, childbirth or postpartum. (6) Moreover, our country is generating a social process - organized to strengthen the farming organization and to seek alternatives that address this serious situation and, upon further analysis of these causes, more concerns and realities are born that require special attention such as the women situation, whose role is fulfilled within the family and community. (19) Due to the migration of man to different workplaces in search of a better life for the family, the indigenous woman faces the responsibility of double shifts that link the poverty condition and neglect of members of the family, causing serious nutritional disorders. Faced with this situation, the Faculty of Nutrition and Health Education, in agreement with the Benson institute, has started a study on feeding behavior and health of indigenous women during the period of pregnancy, with the purpose of contributing to the change of their way of life and thus avoid possible risk factors.

This investigation was accomplished in the Experimental Station Tunshi Productive Unit Sheep Goat, located to an altitude of 2747 m.s.n.m. and with an average temperature of 13.1°C, it located to 8 kilometers of Riobamba route to Licto and in the Laboratory of Microbiology of the Cattle Sciences Faculty of the Espoch, during 120 days (November of 1998 to February of 1999). The principal objective was that of to evaluate the effect terapeutics of the plant Spigelia anthelmia against parasitesinternal in lambs, for something which is 20 lambs native males with ages that fluctuated of 6 to 9 months, these animals stayed in estabulación fed with forage of good quality (alfalfa + ray grass) and concentrated. Then of the period of adjustment were effected exams coprologycs quantitative to determine the load parasites initial, then was them applied 4 treatments with 5 repetitions each one, the experimental unit was 1 lamb. For the evaluations of PGI, they were studied the days 1,2,3,4,5,6,15,30,45,60 subsequent to the application; to determine the percentages of efficiency against PGI were studied the days 15, 30, 45 and 60; to determine the efficiency to combat Pulmonary Parasites were evaluated the days 15,30 and 60 subsequent to the application. The laboratory techniques that were employed were that of Mc Master, Flotation, Sedimentation, Migration. The obtained results were submitted to the techniques of the ADEVA and Contrast Ortogonals at the levels of probabilities of 0.05 and 0.01, establishing that the alcaloide Spiegilina contained in the Spigelia anthelmia produced a decrease of HPG of PGI without arriving to zero, this effect would be caused by the decrease of the female adult, its action in eggs, juvenile states, adult males is done not know; this plant did not show positive effects against PP; they were not observed sound effects. For it previously exposed is recommended to prove this plant in different forms of preparations and in not ruminant addressee and to evaluate findings post – mortem and Productive Parameters. To prefer the Panvermín L front to the Virbamec by the cost for the gastrointestinal and pulmonary parasites treatment in lambs native.

In the province of Chimborazo, found in the Riobamba canton, a study was done with the purpose of comparing different subtracts for the production of earthworm humus (pig feces, guinea pig feces, rabbit feces, bovine feces, market residues, and vegetable residues from the harvest) and its productive effect in vegetables (radish, onion, beet and cabbage). Twenty-four beds, 1.5 m2 (1.5 x 1) in size, as well as sixteen 3 m2 (1 x 3) parcels were used for the study. A design of complete blocks was applied with a monofactorial in the first test, and a bifactorial in the second test. The experiment lasted forty weeks. In general, the best productive behavior by the earthworm humus was distributed among various subtracts. The vegetable residues had the best final weight with a value of 66.75 Kg/parcel. The treatment with guinea pig feces had the best nitrogen content (0.29%). Bovine feces had the best phosphorus content (1.08%). Rabbit feces produced 10.6% of potassium as well as the highest number of earthworms in the harvest (6,900,00). With regards to the production of vegetables, cabbage responded well to almost all of the variables studied. Cabbage obtained superior values than the rest of the vegetables with a 99.5% capture and a 0.25% mortality. The other variables could not be compared because different types of vegetables were used. In the total economic analysis, it was seen that there was a expenditure of 851,960.00 sucres against an income, from the sale of humus and vegetables, of 1,065,000.00 sucres. The net income was 213,120.00 sucres and the benefit/cost was 1.21. It is recommended that this technique be used for small scale production, because the humus improves the ground's physical and chemical characteristics, thus obtaining representative economic gains.

In the community of Tunshi San Nicols of the Licto parish in the Province of Chimborazo, an evaluation was done on the effect of an energetic supplementary feeding of bees (Italian-mestizas) during the dry season (September 23 to February 20). These supplements consisted of carrot juice (T1), orange juice (T2) and sugar cane juice (T3). These supplements were also compared to a control group (T0). The experimental units consisted of 16 standard beehives distributed randomly with the 4 treatments and 4 repetitions of each treatment. The results showed that sugar cane juice (T3) obtained the best results in the consumption of the supplementary feeding because it was the only treatment where its consumption increased as the nectar sources in the zone decreased. At the end of the evaluation, 17,312.50 ml. of sugar cane juice were consumed. On the other hand, only 1,486.25 ml. of carrot juice were consumed, which was the least amount out of all of the treatments. Similarly, sugar cane juice presented the least weight loss, with 1.050 kg. per beehive. In addition, sugar cane juice also presented the greatest number of breeding frames (6.950 frames per beehive), as well as the best benefit/cost index (1.15) at the end of the study.

The present investigation was made in the Laboratories of microbiology of the Ability of Cattle Sciences of the Polytechnic Superior School of Chimborazo, with samples obtained in the Municipal Camal Riobamba and the Community of Tunshi San Nicolás. The incidence of Brucellosis was analyzed in six more important cattle areas of the county using the antigens Brucella abortus and Rosa of Flare. The experimental units were obtained under a systematic sampling. The experiment had a duration of 4 months. The experimental results underwent the following analyses: variance, percentages, stockings, standard deviation, limit for the estimate error. According to carried out analysis of the obtained results, you determines that the analysis technique by means of antigen Brucella abortus, detected more cases of brucellosis (16.59% ± 4.61%) regarding the technique with Rosa of Flare (9.98% ± 3.59%). The biggest percentage of suspicious cases met with the technical Rosa of Flare (9.57% ± 3.35%) regarding the technique of antigen Brucella abortus (5% ±2.5%). According to the sex we have that in more quantity they presented the females with 9.16% in relation to the males with 7.1%, this with the antigen Brucella abortus. With Rosa of Flare we have for the females 5.42% and the males 4.42%. We carry out a study of 17 animals of the Community of Tunshi San Nicolás, we find completely free of this bacterial infection, with the two studied methods.