La dépollution des gaz d’échappement des véhicules essence est opérée par catalyse trois voies (CTV). Ce terme désigne la combinaison de trois réactions : l’oxydation du CO en CO2, la combustion des hydrocarbures imbrûlés et la réduction des NOx. Les catalyseurs 3-voies actuels sont constitués de nanoparticules de métaux nobles (Pt, Rh, Pd…) dispersés sur un support oxyde. En raison de leur prix élevés de nombreuse recherche vise à limiter leur utilisation. Utilisées depuis le milieu des années 70 en catalyse en tant que support, les pérovskites sont une alternative possible. Dans le cas de la catalyse trois voies, les capacités oxydo-réductrices intrinsèques du fer font de la pérovskite LaFeO3 (LFO) un candidat intéressant pour la réduction des NOx et l’oxydation du CO. A ce jour, les mécanismes réactionnels de même que les sites actifs de ce catalyseur sont inconnus. Il est donc important de les mettre en évidence pour permettre une amélioration rationnelle des activités et sélectivités des catalyseurs 3 voies de nouvelle génération. Dans cette étude nous avons cherché à déterminer le mécanisme réactionnel sur la pérovskite. Dans un premier nous avons cherché à étudier l’état de surface de la pérovskite en présence d’eau et déterminer les surfaces présentes. Puis nous avons calculé la thermochimie d’un ensemble de réaction élémentaire sur les surfaces pour enfin proposé un mécanisme réactionnel possible de réduction de NO et d’oxydation de CO. Après détermination des états de transition nous avons cherché à optimiser la formulation de la pérovskite en dopant les surfaces en métaux de transition. / Pollution control of exhaust gases from gasoline vehicles is operated by three-way catalysis (TWC). This term refers to the combination of three reactions: the oxidation of CO to CO2, the combustion of unburned hydrocarbons and NOx reduction. Actually three-way catalysts are made of noble metal nanoparticles (Pt, Rh, Pd ...) deposed on an oxide support. Due to their high and fluctuating price numerous study are trying to limit their use. One possibility are perovskites which are used since the mid-70s in catalysis as support. These materials have also been a recent revival of interest as a carrier or as the active phase to the extent that their structural properties reduce the amounts of noble metals by limiting the aggregation of the metal nanoparticles. In the case of three-way catalysis, the redox intrinsic iron capabilities make the perovskite LaFeO3 (LFO) an interesting candidate for the reduction of NOx and oxidation of CO. To date, the reaction mechanisms, as well as the active sites of the catalyst are unknown. It is important to highlight them for rational improvement activities and selectivity of the catalysts 3 new generation pathways. In this study we sought to determine the reaction mechanism on perovskite. At first we tried to study the surface condition of the perovskite in the presence of water and determine these surfaces. Then we calculated the thermochemistry of a set of elementary reaction on surfaces to finally proposed possible reaction mechanism of NO reduction and CO oxidation. After determining transition states we sought to optimize the formulation of the perovskite by doping transition metal surfaces.

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die CH4-Oxidation an LaFeO3-Katalysatoren unter CH4-reichen und O2-reichen Reaktionsbedingungen betrachtet. Durch Analyse der Struktur-Aktivitätsbeziehungen wird gezeigt, dass eine Kombination von hoher BET-Oberfläche und großer Anzahl an 6-fach von Sauerstoff koordinierten perowskitischen Fe3+-Spezies für eine hohe CH4-Oxidationsaktivität vorteilhaft ist. Mit dem aktivsten LaFeO3-Perowskit kann Sauerstoff unter technisch relevanten Bedingungen bereits bei Temperaturen unterhalb von 350 °C vollständig aus Biogas entfernt werden. Mit einem auf dem Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Mechanismus basierenden kinetischen Modell kann die Methanoxidation unter CH4-reichen Bedingungen erfolgreich simuliert werden. Weiterhin kann der aktivste LaFeO3-Katalysator unter O2-reichen Bedingungen zur Oxidation von Formaldehyd im Abgas magerer Gasmotoren im Temperaturbereich von 350 bis 500 °C eingesetzt werden.:1. Einleitung und Problemstellung 1 2. Einführung in die Literatur 5 2.1. Die Perowskitstruktur 5 2.2. Verwendung von Perowskiten als Katalysatoren 7 2.2.1. CH4-Oxidation 7 2.2.2. CO-Oxidation 12 2.2.3. Oxidation weiterer Kohlenwasserstoffe 14 2.2.4. Minderung von Stickoxiden 16 2.2.5. Weitere katalytische Anwendungen 17 2.3. Katalytische CH4-Oxidation an Edelmetallkatalysatoren 18 2.4. Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies von Perowskitkatalysatoren 20 3. Experimenteller Teil 22 3.1. Synthese von LaFeO3-Katalysatoren 22 3.1.1. PVA-Synthese 22 3.1.2. Citratsynthese 23 3.1.3. Pechini-Synthese 24 3.1.4. NH3-Selbstverbrennung 24 3.1.5. Glycinselbstverbrennung 25 3.1.6. Herstellung von Granulaten 25 3.1.7. Herstellung beschichteter Wabenkatalysatoren 26 3.2. Verwendete Laborapparatur 27 3.3. Charakterisierung der Katalysatoren 28 3.3.1. N2-Physisorption 29 3.3.2. Temperaturprogrammierte Desorption von NH3 30 3.3.3. Temperaturprogrammierte Reduktion mit H2 31 3.3.4. Röntgendiffraktometrie 33 3.3.5. Mößbauerspektroskopie 34 3.3.6. Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie 35 3.4. Katalytische Untersuchungen 36 3.4.1. CH4-Oxidation an LaFeO3-Pulverkatalysatoren im CH4-Überschuss 36 3.4.2. Hydrothermale Alterung des aktivsten LaFeO3-Katalysators 39 3.4.3. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Isotopenaustausch mit 18O2 39 3.4.4. Katalytische Aktivitätsmessungen unter sauerstoffreichen Reaktionsbedingungen 41 3.4.5. Testung beschichteter Waben unter sauerstoffreichen Reaktionsbedingungen 42 3.4.6. Untersuchungen zur Verweilzeitverteilung 43 4. Auswertung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 45 4.1. CH4-Oxidationsaktivität und physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften der mittels verschiedener Synthesetechniken hergestellten LaFeO3- Katalysatoren 45 4.2. Struktur-Aktivitätskorrelation der mittels Citratsynthese hergestellten LaFeO3-Katalysatoren 49 4.3. Einfluss der Substitution von La durch Ce oder K auf die CH4- Oxidationsaktivität von LaFeO3-Katalysatoren 68 4.4. Einfluss der Raumgeschwindigkeit auf die CH4-Oxidationsaktivität des aktivsten LaFeO3-Katalysators 79 4.5. Einfluss des O2- und CH4-Gehalts im Gasstrom auf die CH4- Oxidationsaktivität des aktivsten LaFeO3-Katalysators 81 4.6. Einfluss der hydrothermalen Alterung auf die CH4-Oxidationsaktivität des aktivsten LaFeO3-Katalysators 84 4.7. Isotopenaustausch mit 18O2 87 4.8. Kinetische Modellierung der CH4-Oxidation unter CH4-reichen Bedingungen am aktivsten LaFeO3-Katalysator 95 4.8.1. Formalkinetischer Ansatz 97 4.8.2. Kinetischer Ansatz auf Basis eines Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Mechanismus 103 4.8.3. Vergleich der beiden kinetischen Modelle 110 4.9. CH4-Oxidation an LaFeO3-Katalysatoren im Sauerstoffüberschuss 112 4.10. Kombinierte Entfernung von CH4, CO und Formaldehyd an mit dem aktivsten LaFeO3-Katalysator beschichteten Mullit-Wabenträgern aus dem Abgas von mager betriebenen Gasmotoren 117 4.11. Anwendung des kinetischen Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Modells auf die CH4- Oxidation am aktivsten LaFeO3-Katalysator unter O2-reichen Reaktionsbedingungen 123 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 130 6. Literaturverzeichnis 134 7. Verzeichnis der verwendeten Formelzeichen 145 8. Anhang 148

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FILIPY GOBBO MARANHA.pdf: 9851760 bytes, checksum: 4b667c83e658c04d1de2cc4091b59e0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / The system LaAl1-xFexO3 was synthesized through the Modid Pechini Method (MPM) and solid state reaction (SSR) to evaluate its applicability as a ceramic pigment. The MPM synthesis was carried out with metallic ion nitrates and thermal treatment at 910 °C for 4 hours, while the SSR syntheses comprised metallic ion oxides and thermal treatment at 1400 °C for 4 hours. The pigments obtained through MPM were characterized through X-ray diraction, structural renement through the Rietveld method, Mossbauer spectroscopy, eld eect scanning electronic microscopy, UV-Vis diuse re ectance and analysis of colorimetric values through the CIEL*a*b*. The SSR obtained pigments were not submitted to Mossbauer spectroscopy and the Rietveld Method structural renement analyses. MPM synthesized pigments were obtained with perovskite as the only phase, crystallizing in the rhombohedric crystalline system with values 0:00 x 0:80, and values x > 0:80 in the orthorhombic system. The SSR revealed the possible presence of secondary phases in the formation of the pigment crystalline structure and the values x 0:60 crystallized in the rhombohedric system, and values x > 0:60 in the orthorhombic system. The pigments obtained presented color between green and orange/red. Their use in ceramic pieces was also evaluated. / O sistema LaAl1 FexO3 foi sintetizado pelo método Pechini modificado (MPM) e por realização do estado sólido (RES) para avaliar a sua aplicabilidade como pigmento cerâmico. A síntese pelo MPM foi realizada com os nitratos dos íons metálicos e posterior tratamento térmico de 910 °C por 4 h enquanto que, para a síntese por RES foi utilizado os óxidos dos íons metálicos e tratamento térmico de 1400 °C por 4 h. Os pigmentos obtidos pelo MPM foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de difração de raios X, de renamento estrutural pelo método de Rietveld, de espectroscopia Mossbauer, de microscopia eletr^onica de varredura por efeito de campo, de re ect^ancia difusa na regi~ao do UV-Visível e de análise dos valores colorimetricos pelo método CIEL*a*b*. Nos pigmentos obtidos por RES não foram realizadas analises de espectroscopia Mossbauer e de refinamento estrutural pelo método de Rietveld. Pigmentos sintetizados pelo MPM foram obtidos com a formação da perovskita como unica fase, cristalizando-se no sistema cristalino romboedrico com valores de 0; 00 x 0; 80, e no ortorrômbico para valores de x > 0; 80. Pela RES, foi observado a possível presenca de fases secundárias na formação das estruturas cristalinas dos pigmentos sendo que, valores de x 0; 60 cristalizaram-se no sistema romboedrico, e valores de x > 0; 60 no sistema ortorrômbico. Os pigmentos obtidos apresentaram colorações entre verde e laranja/vermelho. A aplicação dos mesmos em peças cerâmicas também foi avaliada.

Transition metal oxides have proven to be a fertile research area for condensed matter physicists due to the fascinating array of superconducting, magnetic and electronic properties they exhibit. A particular resurgence of intense activity in investigating the properties of these systems followed the discovery of high temperature superconductivity in the cuprates, colossal magnetoresistance in the manganites, ferroelectricity in the cobaltites and simultaneous ferroelectric and ferromagnetic ordering in the manganites. These diverse properties of transition metal compounds arise due to the presence of strong electron-electron interactions within the transition element 3d states. Indeed, it is the competition between the localizing effects of such interactions and the comparable hopping strengths driving the system towards delocalization, that is responsible for these wide spectrum of interesting properties. In terms of theoretical and fundamental issues, electronic structure of transition metal oxides play a most important role, providing a testing ground for new many-body theoretical approaches treating the correlation problem at various levels of approximations. In addition to this rich spectrum of properties, metal-insulator transitions often occur and can even be coincident with structural or magnetic changes due to the strong coupling between charge, magnetic and lattice degrees of freedom. However, in spite of the immense activities in this area, the underlying phenomena is not yet completely understood. A careful investigation of the electronic structure of these systems will help in the microscopic understanding of these and photoelectron spectroscopy has been established as the most powerful tool for investigating the electronic structures of these systems. In this thesis we investigate the electronic structures of some of these transition metal oxides and the metal-insulator transition as a function of electron correlation strength and doping of charge carriers by means of photoelectron spectroscopy; we analyze the experimental results using various theoretical approaches, in order to obtain detailed and quantitative understandings. This thesis is organized into seven chapters. Chapter 1 is a general introduction to the various concepts discussed in this thesis. Here we briefly describe the various mechanisms and theoretical formalisms used for understanding the metal-insulator transitions in strongly correlated systems and the evolution of the electronic structure across the transition. The experimental and the calculational techniques used in this thesis is described in Chapter 2. This includes different sample synthesis techniques and the characterization tools used in the present study. Photoelectron spectroscopic techniques used for probing the electronic structure of various systems are also discussed in this chapter. In Chapter 3, we discuss the coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in ruthenocuprates by looking at the electronic structures of RuSr2Eu1.5Ce0.5Cu2O10 which is a ferromagnetic superconductor having the ferromagnetic TC ~ 100 K and a superconducting transition of ~ 30 K compared with RuSr2EuCeCu2O10 which is a ferromagnetic (TC ~ 150 K) insulator in conjunction with two reference systems, RuSr2GdO6and Sr2RuO4. The coexistence of ferromagnetic order with superconductivity below the superconducting temperature is an interesting issue since the pair-breaking due to magnetic interactions is not significant in these cases. Extensive photoelectron spectroscopic measurements were performed on these systems and our results show that Eu and Ce in both the ruthenocuprates exists in 3+ and 4+ states, respectively. Also the analysis of the Ru 3d and 3p core levels suggests that Ru remains in the pentavalent state in both the cases. The constancy of Ru valency with doping of charge carriers that bring about an insulator to metal transition and the superconducting state suggests that the electronic structure and transport properties of these compounds are not governed by the Ru-O plane, but by the Cu-O plane, much as in the case of other high TC cuprates. Analysis of the Cu 2p core level spectra in terms of a cluster model, including configuration interaction and multiplet interactions between Cu 3d and 2p as well as that within the Cu 3d states, establish a close similarity of the basic electronic structure of these ruthenocuprates to those of other high TC cuprates. Here the charge transfer energy, Δ << Udd,Cu 3d multiplet-averaged Coulomb repulsion energy, establishing the compounds to be deep in the charge transfer regime. Continuing with the ruthenocuprate systems in Chapter 4, we look at the electronic structure of hole doped La2CuRuO6systems using various photoemission techniques. It was expected that since the substitution of La3+by Sr2+changes the d electron count, the system will undergo a metal to insulator transition, but the transport properties show that all of them remain semiconducting through out the lowest temperature of measurement. A careful analysis of the Ru 3d and 3p core level spectra shows that Ru exists in Ru 4+state in La2CuRuO6and goes towards Ru 5+state with hole doping. This suggests that the doped holes affects the electronic structure of the Ru levels in these systems. A spectral decomposition of the Ru 3d core level suggests the existence of a spin orbit split doublet having two peaks, a main core level peak and a satellite peak at the higher binding energy side of the main peak and the intensity ratio of the satellite peak to the main peak increases with the insulating nature of the compounds as reported for other Ru 4d strongly correlated systems. This observation is also consistent with the transport properties. Cu 2p core level spectra also shows variations in the satellite-to-main peak Cu 2p intensities suggesting that the electronic structure of the Cu levels are also getting affected with Sr doping. Valence band spectral features near the Fermi level shows that the spectral weight is highest for La2CuRuO6and depletes slowly with Sr doping consistent with the expected d electron count as suggested by the Ru valencies. In Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 we discuss the electronic structure investigations of two early transition metal oxide series, namely Ca1−xSrxVO3and Ce1−xSrxTiO3. Surface sensitivity dependence of photoemission experiments has been explored to show that the surface and the bulk electronic structures of Ca1−xSrxVO3system is different. Photoemission spectra of this system using synchrotron radiation reveal a hither to unnoticed polarization dependence of the photoemission matrix elements for the surface component leading to substantial underestimation. Extracted bulk spectra from experimentally determined electron escape depth and underestimation of surface contributions resolve the puzzling issues that arose due to the recent diverse interpretations of the electronic structure in Ca1−xSrxVO3. Keeping in mind the above-mentioned caveat, the present results still clearly establish that the linear polarization of synchrotron radiation plays a key role in determining the spectral lineshape in these systems. The experimentally-determined bulk spectra provide an understanding of the electronic structure in Ca1−xSrxVO3, consistent with experimental γ values, calculated change in the d-bandwidth and the geometrical/structural trends across the series, thereby resolving the puzzle concerning the structure-property relationship in this interesting class of compounds. In Chapter 6 we discuss the issues of metal-insulator transition close to the d0limit as well as the evolution of the electronic structure of a strongly correlated system as a function of electron occupancy, by investigating the family of Ce1−xSrxTiO3compounds by recording core level as well as valence band photoemission spectra using lab source as well as synchrotron radiations. Core level Ce 3d spectra from Ce1−xSrxTiO3samples establish a trivalent state of Ce in these compounds for all values of x confirming that charge doping in the present system does not alter the electronic structure of Ce. Hence the change in valency due to Sr substitution and thus, the carrier number, takes place only in the Ti 3d-O 2p manifold. We also carried out extensive VUV photoemission experiments on these samples with the photon energy varying between 26-122 eV. From the difference spectrum obtained by subtracting the off-resonance spectrum from the on-resonance one, we obtain the Ce 4f spectral signature; thus obtained Ce 4f spectrum which has a peak at about 3 eV binding energy and shows no intensity at EF even for the metallic samples, consistent with a Ce3+state. In order to study the states near EF responsible for the metal-insulator transition in these compounds, we recorded the valence band spectra at the Ce 4f off-resonance condition so that the coherent and the incoherent spectral features arising from the Ti 3d states could be clearly resolved, allowing us to investigate the metal insulator transition in the Ce1−xSrxTiO3system as a function of Sr or hole doping. The experimental spectra of the metallic compounds exhibit an intensity of the incoherent feature considerably larger than that predicted by theory. This discrepancy is possibly due to a difference in the surface and the bulk electronic structures of these compounds. Chapter 7 is divided into two parts. In the first part we discuss the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies performed on two transition metal oxide series, La1−xSrxCoO3and La1−xSrxFeO3to look at the local structure distortions happening around the transition metal ions and its role in bringing out metal to insulator transitions in transition metal oxide systems. Here we chose to investigate these two systems since La1−xSrxCoO3undergoes an insulator to metal transition for x ∼ 0.15 and La1−xSrxFeO3remains insulating for the entire range of doping. The static mean square relative displacement, which we believe to be a representation of the disorder present in the system, extracted by fitting the experimental data by a correlated Einstein model, as a function of composition in La1−xSrxCoO3saturates beyond the critical composition where as the disorder parameter continues to increase through out the entire doping range in the case of La1−xSrxFeO3where metal-insulator transition is absent. In the second part of Chapter 7 we discuss the x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) studies performed on the above mentioned series of systems. Co K-edge XANES spectra of La1−xSrxCoO3show that there is a systematic shift of the main absorption peak with hole doping suggesting that the Co valency changes systematically with Sr doping. Also, the pre-edge feature of LaCoO3shows the transitions to t2g level clearly showing that Co3+in LaCoO3is not in a pure low spin (t6 2g) state. The Fe K-edge XANES spectra of La1−xSrxFeO3also exhibit a systematic shift to the higher energy side with increase in Sr content, indicating an increase in the Fe valence. Also from the La L3edge analysis, it can be concluded that the oxygen environment around La and the electronic configuration of La are systematically changing with Sr doping.