L'objectif principal de ce mémoire est d'évaluer le rôle modérateur de trois traits de personnalité, soit l'estime de soi, le sentiment de cohésion, ainsi que le centre de contrôle interne sur la relation entre les conditions de l'organisation du travail et la consommation d'alcool à risque, ainsi que la consommation de médicaments psychotropes des travailleurs canadiens. Les données sur lesquelles nous nous sommes basés proviennent de l'Enquête Nationale sur la Santé de la Population (ENSP) de Statistique Canada. Celle-ci a été conduite à des intervalles de deux ans, de l’année 1994 jusqu'à l’année 2003, et comprend ainsi cinq cycles longitudinaux. Les analyses multiniveaux que nous avons effectuées nous ont permises d’identifier cinq variables des conditions de l'organisation du travail qui s’associent de manière significative à la consommation d'alcool à risque, soit l’utilisation des compétences qui augmente de 7% le risque de faire partie du groupe de consommation d’alcool à risque par un travailleur, les demandes psychologiques qui augmentent ce risque de 69%, et les travailleurs confrontés à un horaire de travail irrégulier qui consomment 61% plus d’alcool à risque que les travailleurs qui ont un horaire de travail régulier. Inversement, l’insécurité d’emploi réduit de 12% le risque de faire partie du groupe de consommation d’alcool à risque, et les travailleurs bénéficiant d’un soutien social au travail courent 5% moins de risque de consommation d’alcool à risque. Pour ce qui est des médicaments psychotropes, nos analyses multiniveaux nous ont permises d’identifier deux variables des conditions de l’organisation du travail qui y sont associées de manière significative. Il s’agit de l’utilisation des compétences qui augmente de 8% le risque de faire partie du groupe de consommation de médicaments psychotropes, alors que le nombre d’heures travaillées diminue de 1% ce risque. En ce qui concerne les traits de personnalité, l’estime de soi augmente de 17% le risque de consommation d’alcool à risque, alors que le sentiment de cohésion diminue de 1% ce risque. L’estime de soi joue un rôle modérateur faible entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la consommation d’alcool à risque, puisque celle-ci diminue de 3% l’effet pathogène des demandes physiques imposées sur les travailleurs sur leur consommation d’alcool à risque. Pour ce qui est des médicaments psychotropes, nos résultats indiquent que l’estime de soi diminue de 4% le risque de consommation de médicaments psychotropes, le centre de contrôle interne diminue de 9% ce risque, et le sentiment de cohésion quant à lui, diminue ce risque de 3%. D’ailleurs, aucun trait de personnalité ne joue un rôle modérateur entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la consommation de médicaments psychotropes. / The main objective of this master's thesis is to determine the moderator effect of personality traits (self esteem, sens of cohesion, sens of control) on the relationship between work organization conditions, and risky alcohol consumption, as well as psychotropic medication consumption by canadian workers. In order to conduct our project, we relied on data that came from five cycles of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS). This survery was conducted at a two year interval, spanning from the year 1994 until 2003, and includes five longitudinal cycles. The multilevel analyis we performed, allowed us to identify five work organization conditions that increase the risk of risky alcohol consumption.Skill utilisation increases by 7% the risk of being part of a risky alcohol consumption group, while psychological demands increase risky alcohol consumption by 69%, and workers confronted to an irregular work schedule consume 61% more risky alcohol. However, job insecurity decerases by 12% the risk of being part of a risky alcohol consumption group, and workers that enjoy social support at work have a 5% lesser risk of being part of a risky alcohol consumption group. As for psychotropic medications consumption, our multilevel analysis allowed us to identify two work organization conditions that are associated in a significant manner to the psychotropic medication consumption. Skill utilisation at work increases by 8% the risk of being part of a pscyhotropic medication consumption group, while the number of hours worked decreases by 1% the risk of being part of a psychotropic medication consumption group. As for personnality traits, our results indicate that self esteem increases by 17% the risk of risky alcohol consumption, while sense of cohesion decreases by 1% this risk. In addition, self esteem plays a moderator role by diminuishing by 3% the pathologic impact of physical demands at work on risky alcohol consumption. Concerning psychotropic medications consumption, our results indicate that self esteem diminuishes by 4% the risk of psychotropic medications consumption, sense of control diminuishes by 9% the risk of psychotropic medications consumption, and sense of cohesion diminuishes by 3% this risk. In addition, none of the personnality traits plays a moderator role between work’s organization’s conditions and psychotropic medications consumption.

<p>This study is an exploratory case study on supervisors' and front line managers' current practices towards the promotion of the socialization of employees with disabilities with their non-disabled peers. The researcher interviewed eight participants, four men and four women, purposefully selected from Connecticut and Indiana in person or over the phone. Various supporting secondary data documents were located by the researcher on the internet to further explain the work place's role in the promotion of socialization of employees with disabilities with their coworkers. Utilizing the Social Identity (Turner, 1975) and Social Categorization (Tajfel, 1970) theories to further explain the phenomenon of social integration of employees with disabilities as it relates to the under employment of Americans with disabilities when compared to their non-disabled counterparts, the researcher hopes to answers the following research questions: How are supervisors and front line managers in various work place arenas currently promoting social integration of employees with disabilities with their non-disabled coworkers? How are supervisors and front line managers in various work place arenas currently utilizing work place accommodations, when requested, to promote the social integration of employees with disabilities with their non-disabled peers? Once socially integrated, are supervisors and front line managers in various workplace arenas able to retain employees with disabilities for the long term? </p>

Two studies were conducted examining the relationship between applicant sexual orientation, applicant gender, and hiring bias for stereotypically masculine and feminine jobs. Study 1 examined the job-related traits associated with male and female heterosexuals and homosexuals, and it was found that feminine traits were ascribed to homosexual males and masculine traits were ascribed to homosexual females. Study 2 had subjects rank 10 applicants (one male homosexual, one female homosexual, 4 male heterosexuals, 4 female heterosexuals) for either a masculine or feminine job, and rate the applicants on job selection criteria. Results showed that homosexual applicants were rated lower than heterosexual applicants for masculine and feminine jobs, and there was a 3-way interaction between applicant sexual orientation, applicant gender, and job type. Also examined was the relationship between subject individual differences and trait ratings of applicants with hiring decisions. Future research directions were discussed.

The proportion of a unit of government's budget devoted to labor costs determines whether cost reductions at the metropolitan level are achieved through fragmentation or consolidation. Consolidating capital intense functions at higher levels of government is the optimal cost-reducing strategy. Fragmenting labor-intense functions to lower levels of government is the optimal cost-reducing strategy. This organizing principle explains the results of previous research and allows a cross sectional analysis of all units of government within US metropolitan statistical areas based on their labor ratio. The hypothesized optimum form of metropolitan government structure for cost efficiency, few capital intense units of government and many labor intense units of government, is correlated with a five year net change in private sector jobs. The hypothesized relationship between metropolitan government structure and economic development is rejected.

This study looked at the influence of cartoons as primes for stereotypes about women in the workplace. Three sets of cartoons (neutral animal, non-agentic women, and feminists) were used and subjects were exposed to just one set based on their assigned condition. After rating the funniness of the cartoons, subjects read about ambiguous behaviors recorded by a supervisor about a social worker. Subjects evaluated the social worker on both performance issues and personal traits. Subjects then read additional information and rated the supervisor. The gender of the social worker and supervisor were manipulated. Three general performance measures and five traits, identified in a pilot study, were analyzed. Priming did occur but inconsistently across the measures. Some interesting patterns representing contrast effects for males in the feminist cartoon condition and females in the non-agentic condition surfaced. The gender composition of the subordinate-supervisor dyad contributed to the priming effect for some measure.

This thesis examines problems related to particular labor laws currently applied in international air transport. This analysis is framed within the context of scholarly theory and judicial practice arising from various regimes of labor law governing industrial injury, the individual contract of employment, labor-management relations, and fair treatment in the civil aviation industry. / A critical survey of labor regulations operating in the international air transport industry is provided through commentary on the principles formulated by judicial decisions and the theories which underlie their reasoning, helping to clarify both substantive and procedural labor laws affecting international air transport. / A critical analysis of different categories of statutory labor law governing international air transport is also provided to assess the validity of commonly-erected conflict of labor law rules, thereby revealing the inadequacy of the single rule principle in view of the unique and perplexing regulatory interests which are inherent in aviation activity. The divergence between domestic labor statutes and Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation or bilateral air transport agreements also adds a more subtle aspect to the problems explored.

<p>Gregory (2003) demonstrated that for the past thirty-five years small steps of progress have been made towards women's equality. However, he stated that sex discrimination is still blatant, subtle and covert and it continues to plague working women. He continued to argue that nearly all the population of women in the U.S. encounter obstacles in job advancement, whether the obstacles are glass or cement ceilings or ordinary brick walls. (p.5). The researcher will attempt to elaborate on disparate treatment women have endured for generations. With the current pay scale between women and men, women receive 23 cents less than their male colleagues out of every dollar earned. Because this system exist, it impedes a woman's holistic growth and functionality. For example, there are some women who are trapped in abusive relationships but cannot leave because they lack adequate financial resources. </p><p> Gregory (2003) pointed out that employer retaliation comes in various forms, although employers tend to favor discharge over other options. (p.162). He also stated that other forms of retaliation employers use to punish their employees for having engaged in protected activities include denials of promotion and demotions (p.163). The fear of retaliation prevents a woman from reporting the perpetrator. In addition, some of the political realm is working night and day against the improvement and progress of the women's population. With the above argument made about the disparate treatments towards women, the researcher will apply the qualitative method in this thesis to breakdown problems women face. Plus, the researcher makes suggestions how the nation can be involved in resolving and eliminating these issues, individually and collectively, to moving women's rights and progress forward and permanently. </p>

<p>The rapid growth of the retail economy has created an abundance of low wage work. The retail sector often employs black and Latina women in low middle management and part-time positions while, white men and women hold top managerial and human resource positions. Consequently, a distinctive pattern of inequality emerges for women of color in retail work. Utilizing data from 20 in-depth interviews, I find black and Latina women's raises and promotions are stifled by the surveillance and bodily control they encounter on the retail floor. This study explores the simultaneous ways race, gender, class and body type intersect to place women of color in subordinate positions within the workforce. Moreover, this research provides insight into how the "white racial frame" is used to exploit women of color by both white management and the self-surveillance women of color conduct onto their own bodies. </p>

The paper investigates the formation of wages in the New Member States in Central and Eastern Europe, in particular the question what the relative role of national and sectoral factors is. While the labor relations in these countries are still in the process of change, some pattern and national differences have emerged. The question is thus to what extent these differences in labor relations are reflected in wage formation. The literature on Western OECD economies is unanimous that coordination of wage bargaining does reduce the wage spread, but disagrees on its effects on unemployment and inflation. The paper analyses wage formation in Slovenia, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and Lithuania by means of a panel analysis for manufacturing sectors. The average wage (in the total economy) serves as a national factor and sectoral productivity serves as a sectoral factor. In variations of the basic estimation equation the role of FDI and openness and of capital intensity and skill are also discussed. The results between countries are compared with the recent index of the coordination of collective bargaining by Visser (2005) and with cross country data on union density. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

<p> This study presents the specific problem surrounding the lack of empirical research for improving engagement and ongoing supervision between criminal justice practitioners and offenders. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive single-case study dissertation aimed to investigate job roles and social contact for improvement of engagement with special needs federal offenders in community corrections. This study used a descriptive framework comprised of, education, training, and leadership and management as a special interest. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews used a purposeful and snowball approach. The participants were 10 criminal justice practitioners, five Case Managers and five United States Probation Officers that provide transitional services to the federal offenders with special needs. Three themes emerged based on the participant&rsquo;s perceptions and experiences regarding job roles and social contacts with offenders. The themes were as follows: (a) managing offenders and professionalism, (b) influence of education and training, and (c) setting the tone and culture of the organization. The research discovered that a professional rapport is essential for engaging offenders. This study discovered the ramifications of communicating expectations of transitioning into society and its impact on recidivism. Further implications for leadership to consider based on this study is a need for a comprehensive approach for how to properly mange offenders with special needs. Recommendations for seeking appropriate means for offering professional development opportunities for all practitioners in community corrections is proposed to correctional leaders.</p>