A Generalized Leontief Inverse Indirect Utility Function and its estimation are discussed; a data base compatible with the requirements of the function is created, and we attempt to estimate postwar Canadian preferences (for consumption with and without the simultaneous supply of labour). The parameters of the function are estimated in a two-stage (generalized) least squares procedure due to Zellner [1961]. The empirical results indicate that the functional form behaves rather well and our estimated expenditure shares and elasticities of substitution between goods seem to conform to our theoretical expectations. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

A theoretical model is developed explaining participation in the labour force in terms of the utility obtained from working, the likelihood of obtaining a job, and the costs associated with getting a job. Both discouraged and added worker behaviour are explained in terms of the model and the much greater likelihood of finding evidence of the former is noted. Regression analysis is then applied to 1961 census tract data for the major cities of Canada in order to discover the determinants of labour force participation rates and especially the influence of unemployment, on these rates. Separate regressions are run for high, middle, and low income tracts. Regressions are also separated by sex. For males, it is found that unemployment, wage levels, age, education, and marriage are important in determining participation rates. The influence of these variables differs significantly among the income groups. A strong discouraged worker effect is found. For women, similar results are found, but children, housing conditions, ethnic variables and the unemployment and earning rates of males also influence their labour force behaviour. Some slight evidence for added worker behaviour was found among the higher income groups. Similar regressions were then run using 1951 census data. Although there was evidence that the influence of some of the socio-demographic variables had changed over time, discouraged worker behaviour still predominated over added worker behaviour for all groups with the exception of higher income women. The results of this thesis were found to conform with the results obtained in earlier studies in the U.S. and Canada. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

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This study examines Canada's aging trend, the factors influencing the elderly's withdrawal from the labour force, and the implications of the two trends for planners and policy makers. Canada's population is aging. The absolute and relative number of people 65 and over is projected to increase well into the twenty-first century. Over this same period of time the elderly, defined as those persons 65 and over, are expected to reduce their participation in the labour force. With a greater proportion of elderly in the population and fewer of them working the costs and burdens involved with supporting this segment of the population will increase. It is important, therefore, that planners and policy makers understand why the population is aging, why the elderly are withdrawing from the labour force, and what the possible economic and social implications of these trends are. Based on explanatory models of the elderly's labour force participation constructed mainly by researchers in the United States, a .multiple regression analysis is conducted which attempts to evaluate those variables included in an explanatory equation which accounts for the variance in the elderly's labour force participation rate in Canada. Cross-section analyses are conducted for three years—1961, 1971, and 1976—with data derived principally from Statistics Canada census sources and aggregated at the provincial level. In contrast to studies originating in the United States, the results obtained in this study found pension benefits were not the most significant factor in explaining the decline in the elderly’s labour force participation in Canada. Both the unemployment rate and the occupation chosen by an elderly labour force participant consistently proved to be more significant factors in accounting for the variance in the elderly's labour force participation rate in Canada. The economic and social implications of a society which is aging and one in which an increasing number of elderly are choosing not to work are discussed. The two areas in which future planners and policy makers will face the most pressing problems in terms of funding and program delivery are the public pension and health care services. There will be a number of other areas affected by the increased incidence of elderly retired persons in the population. It is important, therefore, that research be conducted today, at all levels, into the various impacts a large proportionate increase in non-working elderly will have on Canadian society in the future. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

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