The aim of the study was to establish the effects of human-induced watershed changes on strearnflows. The research hypothesised that land use change influences base flows. Enjoro river in Kenya was used as the case study. In the 1940s, the watershed was characterised with a sparse population, forestry and large scale conservative agriculture. The river regime was naturally perennial. Between 1960 and 1990 land subdivision, intensive cultivation, urbanisation, and deforestation changed such stable ecosystem Several approaches were used to evaluate the perceived cause-effect relations in the watershed. The time series of the flows, rainfall, and other climatic records were used to infer effects of changed physical characteristics in the watershed. Quantitative evaluation of the changes was accomplished by simple graphs, homogeneity tests, satellite imagery and model simulations of hydrologic variables. Analysis of the data series before and after the presumed changes provided an understanding of the variability masked in the hydrologic system. These comparisons allowed for the determination of the period in which the watershed changes influenced the river regime. The combinede ffect of humana nd natural factors decreasedth e river basef lows. A 30% increase in deforestation, 20% in agriculture and 10.4% in urbanisation was observed- Water availability decreased from a runoff coefficient of 22% in the 1960s, 10% in the 1970s and 8% in the 1980s. This progressive decline in runoff developed into hydrologic drought regime in the 1980s. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) predicted well the flow changes in the watershed. Simulations of rainfall and flow supported the changes observed in the hydrologic variables. The optimised parameters with HYRROM showed 'store' parameters (SS, RDEL, GDEL) to be sensitive to changes in vegetation cover especially during the dry years of 1965,1973 and 1984. The model simulated some parameters in the watershed which could be used to infer changes in strearnflows due changes in land use. It was however, difficult to estimate and to validate long-term model parameters because of limited data and the contrasting geography of the region which induced hydrologic variability. The model did not isolate effects of specific land uses, although it predicted the observed flows. There is evidently, a need for future research on the problem. The investigation demonstrated the difficulty in identifying differences in strearnflows from watersheds undergoing simultaneous physical changes and human interventions. Since a specific effect of a particular land use change could not be isolated independently, continued research on the development of an integrating watershed coefficient is recommended. Remote sensing techniques should be incorporated in the development of integrating watershed coefficients.

The effect transit investments can have on surrounding land uses has been studied in planning literature. Often it is argued that high-density, more sustainable development occurs around stations on newly constructed transit lines. This study examines the impacts of the Yonge-University-Spadina line on development in the north ends of the city of Toronto. This study is guided by three objectives. First, the research aims to determine the extent of the differences in built form and densities between the two study sites. Second, the thesis explains why these differences have emerged and what factors have shaped the evolution of the two sites. Based on the first two analyses, the research provides recommendations to encourage intensified, transit-oriented development in areas that currently do not reflect these principles. A variety of methods are used to achieve these objectives including: an analysis of empirical census data, a comparison of land uses and built form through archive and current photographs, a property value comparison, a transit ridership analysis, a review of archive newspaper articles, an examination of previous and existing policy documents, and a review of previously conducted interviews with Toronto area developers and municipal officials. This study concludes that the Yonge line has experienced significantly more growth over time than the Spadina line. It finds that the policy provisions that dictate development along the Yonge line are much more conducive to intensified growth. As a result, recommendations are made that the city establishes a similar policy framework for land around the Spadina line so that obstacles to potential for intensified growth may be eliminated. More specifically, the thesis identifies contemporary monetary and policy incentives to developers to encourage sustainable development.

Thesis (MReg & UrbPlan)--University of South Australia, 2000

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on November 12, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stevens Point, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-105).

Thesis (Ph.D. - Arid Lands Resource Sciences)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 433-458).

Thesis (M. Env. St.)--University of Adelaide, Centre for Environmental Studies, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-143).

Thesis (M.Ag.Sci) University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agriculture, 1977.

Thesis (M.T.P.)--University of Adelaide, Department of Architecture and Town Planning, 1967. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical referenes (p. 193-200).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2005. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Arts. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 354-390).